From 56b5be4ba403fed68a4dbc028ced892dec75b4d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: robobun <robobun@oven.sh>
Date: Sat, 31 Jan 2026 16:57:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] fix(shell): prevent double-free during GC finalization
 (#26626)
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## Summary

Fixes #26625

This fixes a segmentation fault that occurred on Windows x64 when the GC
finalizer tried to free shell interpreter resources that were already
partially freed during normal shell completion.

- Added explicit `cleanup_state` enum to track resource ownership state
- `needs_full_cleanup`: Nothing cleaned up yet, finalizer must clean
everything
- `runtime_cleaned`: `finish()` already cleaned IO/shell, finalizer
skips those
- Early return in `#derefRootShellAndIOIfNeeded()` when already cleaned
- Explicit state-based cleanup in `deinitFromFinalizer()`

The vulnerability existed on all platforms but was most reliably
triggered on Windows with high GC pressure (many concurrent shell
commands).

## Test plan

- [x] Build passes (`bun bd`)
- [x] New regression test added (`test/regression/issue/26625.test.ts`)
- [x] Existing shell tests pass (same 4 pre-existing failures, no new
failures)


🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Bot <claude-bot@bun.sh>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Jarred Sumner <jarred@jarredsumner.com>
---
 src/shell/interpreter.zig | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/shell/interpreter.zig b/src/shell/interpreter.zig
index 1b8b415755..cc79cb8971 100644
--- a/src/shell/interpreter.zig
+++ b/src/shell/interpreter.zig
@@ -280,6 +280,17 @@ pub const Interpreter = struct {
     exit_code: ?ExitCode = 0,
     this_jsvalue: JSValue = .zero,
 
+    /// Tracks which resources have been cleaned up to avoid double-free.
+    /// When the interpreter finishes normally via finish(), it cleans up
+    /// the runtime resources (IO, shell env) and sets this to .runtime_cleaned.
+    /// The GC finalizer then only cleans up what remains (args, interpreter itself).
+    cleanup_state: enum(u8) {
+        /// Nothing has been cleaned up yet - need full cleanup
+        needs_full_cleanup,
+        /// Runtime resources (IO, shell env) have been cleaned up via finish()
+        runtime_cleaned,
+    } = .needs_full_cleanup,
+
     __alloc_scope: if (bun.Environment.enableAllocScopes) bun.AllocationScope else void,
     estimated_size_for_gc: usize = 0,
 
@@ -1222,6 +1233,11 @@ pub const Interpreter = struct {
     }
 
     fn #derefRootShellAndIOIfNeeded(this: *ThisInterpreter, free_buffered_io: bool) void {
+        // Check if already cleaned up to prevent double-free
+        if (this.cleanup_state == .runtime_cleaned) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         if (free_buffered_io) {
             // Can safely be called multiple times.
             if (this.root_shell._buffered_stderr == .owned) {
@@ -1240,10 +1256,26 @@ pub const Interpreter = struct {
         }
 
         this.this_jsvalue = .zero;
+        // Mark that runtime resources have been cleaned up
+        this.cleanup_state = .runtime_cleaned;
     }
 
     fn deinitFromFinalizer(this: *ThisInterpreter) void {
-        this.#derefRootShellAndIOIfNeeded(true);
+        log("Interpreter(0x{x}) deinitFromFinalizer (cleanup_state={s})", .{ @intFromPtr(this), @tagName(this.cleanup_state) });
+
+        switch (this.cleanup_state) {
+            .needs_full_cleanup => {
+                // The interpreter never finished normally (e.g., early error or never started),
+                // so we need to clean up IO and shell env here
+                this.root_io.deref();
+                this.root_shell.deinitImpl(false, true);
+            },
+            .runtime_cleaned => {
+                // finish() already cleaned up IO and shell env via #derefRootShellAndIOIfNeeded,
+                // nothing more to do for those resources
+            },
+        }
+
         this.keep_alive.disable();
         this.args.deinit();
         this.allocator.destroy(this);