Bump version to 1.3.0 (#23401)

## What does this PR do?

Bumps Bun version from 1.2.24 to 1.3.0, marking the start of the 1.3.x
release series.

## Changes

- **`package.json`**: Updated version from `1.2.24` to `1.3.0`
- **`LATEST`**: Updated from `1.2.23` to `1.3.0` (used by installation
scripts)
- **`test/bundler/bundler_bun.test.ts`**: Updated version check to
include `1.3.x` so export conditions tests continue to run

## Verification

✅ Debug build successful showing version `1.3.0-debug`
✅ All platforms compile successfully via `bun run zig:check-all` (49/49
steps)
✅ Bundler tests pass with updated version check

## Additional Notes

- CI workflow Bun versions (e.g., `1.2.3`, `1.2.0` in
`.github/workflows/release.yml`) are intentionally left unchanged -
these are pinned versions used to run the release tooling, not the
version being released
- Docker images use `ARG BUN_VERSION` passed at build time and don't
need updates
- The actual release version comes from git tags via `${{
env.BUN_VERSION }}`

---

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Bot <claude-bot@bun.sh>
Co-authored-by: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: Jarred Sumner <jarred@jarredsumner.com>

LATEST

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.2.23
+1.3.0