require --compile for ESM bytecode (#26624)

## Summary
- Add validation to require `--compile` when using ESM bytecode
- Update documentation to clarify ESM bytecode requirements

## Why
ESM module resolution is two-phase: (1) analyze imports/exports, (2)
evaluate. Without `--compile`, there's no `module_info` embedded, so JSC
must still parse the file for module analysis even with bytecode -
causing a double-parse deopt.

## Changes
- **CLI**: Error when `--bytecode --format=esm` is used without
`--compile`
- **JS API**: Error when `bytecode: true, format: 'esm'` is used without
`compile: true`
- **Docs**: Update bytecode.mdx, executables.mdx, index.mdx to clarify
requirements
- **Types**: Update JSDoc for bytecode option in bun.d.ts

## Test plan
```bash
# Should error
bun build ./test.js --bytecode --format=esm --outdir=./out
# error: ESM bytecode requires --compile. Use --format=cjs for bytecode without --compile.

# Should work
bun build ./test.js --bytecode --format=esm --compile --outfile=./mytest
bun build ./test.js --bytecode --format=cjs --outdir=./out
```

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Bot <claude-bot@bun.sh>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: autofix-ci[bot] <114827586+autofix-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

docs/bundler/bytecode.mdx

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ Bytecode caching is a build-time optimization that dramatically improves applica
 
 ## Usage
 
-### Basic usage
+### Basic usage (CommonJS)
 
-Enable bytecode caching with the `--bytecode` flag:
+Enable bytecode caching with the `--bytecode` flag. Without `--format`, this defaults to CommonJS:
 
 ```bash terminal icon="terminal"
 bun build ./index.ts --target=bun --bytecode --outdir=./dist
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ bun build ./index.ts --target=bun --bytecode --outdir=./dist
 
 This generates two files:
 
-- `dist/index.js` - Your bundled JavaScript
+- `dist/index.js` - Your bundled JavaScript (CommonJS)
 - `dist/index.jsc` - The bytecode cache file
 
 At runtime, Bun automatically detects and uses the `.jsc` file:
@@ -28,14 +28,24 @@ bun ./dist/index.js  # Automatically uses index.jsc
 
 ### With standalone executables
 
-When creating executables with `--compile`, bytecode is embedded into the binary:
+When creating executables with `--compile`, bytecode is embedded into the binary. Both ESM and CommonJS formats are supported:
 
 ```bash terminal icon="terminal"
+# ESM (requires --compile)
+bun build ./cli.ts --compile --bytecode --format=esm --outfile=mycli
+
+# CommonJS (works with or without --compile)
 bun build ./cli.ts --compile --bytecode --outfile=mycli
 ```
 
 The resulting executable contains both the code and bytecode, giving you maximum performance in a single file.
 
+### ESM bytecode
+
+ESM bytecode requires `--compile` because Bun embeds module metadata (import/export information) in the compiled binary. This metadata allows the JavaScript engine to skip parsing entirely at runtime.
+
+Without `--compile`, ESM bytecode would still require parsing the source to analyze module dependencies—defeating the purpose of bytecode caching.
+
 ### Combining with other optimizations
 
 Bytecode works great with minification and source maps:
@@ -90,35 +100,9 @@ Larger applications benefit more because they have more code to parse.
 - ❌ **Code that runs once**
 - ❌ **Development builds**
 - ❌ **Size-constrained environments**
-- ❌ **Code with top-level await** (not supported)
 
 ## Limitations
 
-### CommonJS only
-
-Bytecode caching currently works with CommonJS output format. Bun's bundler automatically converts most ESM code to CommonJS, but **top-level await** is the exception:
-
-```js
-// This prevents bytecode caching
-const data = await fetch("https://api.example.com");
-export default data;
-```
-
-**Why**: Top-level await requires async module evaluation, which can't be represented in CommonJS. The module graph becomes asynchronous, and the CommonJS wrapper function model breaks down.
-
-**Workaround**: Move async initialization into a function:
-
-```js
-async function init() {
-  const data = await fetch("https://api.example.com");
-  return data;
-}
-
-export default init;
-```
-
-Now the module exports a function that the consumer can await when needed.
-
 ### Version compatibility
 
 Bytecode is **not portable across Bun versions**. The bytecode format is tied to JavaScriptCore's internal representation, which changes between versions.
@@ -236,8 +220,6 @@ It's normal for it it to log a cache miss multiple times since Bun doesn't curre
 - Compressing `.jsc` files for network transfer (gzip/brotli)
 - Evaluating if the startup performance gain is worth the size increase
 
-**Top-level await**: Not supported. Refactor to use async initialization functions.
-
 ## What is bytecode?
 
 When you run JavaScript, the JavaScript engine doesn't execute your source code directly. Instead, it goes through several steps:

docs/bundler/executables.mdx

@@ -322,10 +322,7 @@ Using bytecode compilation, `tsc` starts 2x faster:
 
 Bytecode compilation moves parsing overhead for large input files from runtime to bundle time. Your app starts faster, in exchange for making the `bun build` command a little slower. It doesn't obscure source code.
 
-<Warning>
+<Note>Bytecode compilation supports both `cjs` and `esm` formats when used with `--compile`.</Note>
-  **Experimental:** Bytecode compilation is an experimental feature. Only `cjs` format is supported (which means no
-  top-level-await). Let us know if you run into any issues!
-</Warning>
 
 ### What do these flags do?
 

docs/bundler/index.mdx

@@ -1508,22 +1508,43 @@ BuildArtifact (entry-point) {
 
 ## Bytecode
 
-The `bytecode: boolean` option can be used to generate bytecode for any JavaScript/TypeScript entrypoints. This can greatly improve startup times for large applications. Only supported for `"cjs"` format, only supports `"target": "bun"` and dependent on a matching version of Bun. This adds a corresponding `.jsc` file for each entrypoint.
+The `bytecode: boolean` option can be used to generate bytecode for any JavaScript/TypeScript entrypoints. This can greatly improve startup times for large applications. Requires `"target": "bun"` and is dependent on a matching version of Bun.
+
+- **CommonJS**: Works with or without `compile: true`. Generates a `.jsc` file alongside each entrypoint.
+- **ESM**: Requires `compile: true`. Bytecode and module metadata are embedded in the standalone executable.
+
+Without an explicit `format`, bytecode defaults to CommonJS.
 
 <Tabs>
   <Tab title="JavaScript">
     ```ts title="build.ts" icon="/icons/typescript.svg"
+    // CommonJS bytecode (generates .jsc files)
     await Bun.build({
       entrypoints: ["./index.tsx"],
       outdir: "./out",
       bytecode: true,
     })
+
+    // ESM bytecode (requires compile)
+    await Bun.build({
+      entrypoints: ["./index.tsx"],
+      outfile: "./mycli",
+      bytecode: true,
+      format: "esm",
+      compile: true,
+    })
     ```
+
   </Tab>
   <Tab title="CLI">
     ```bash terminal icon="terminal"
+    # CommonJS bytecode
     bun build ./index.tsx --outdir ./out --bytecode
+
+    # ESM bytecode (requires --compile)
+    bun build ./index.tsx --outfile ./mycli --bytecode --format=esm --compile
     ```
+
   </Tab>
 </Tabs>
 
@@ -1690,7 +1711,10 @@ interface BuildConfig {
    * start times, but will make the final output larger and slightly increase
    * memory usage.
    *
-   * Bytecode is currently only supported for CommonJS (`format: "cjs"`).
+   * - CommonJS: works with or without `compile: true`
+   * - ESM: requires `compile: true`
+   *
+   * Without an explicit `format`, defaults to CommonJS.
    *
    * Must be `target: "bun"`
    * @default false

docs/snippets/cli/build.mdx

@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@ bun build <entry points>
 </ParamField>
 
 <ParamField path="--format" type="string" default="esm">
-  Module format of the output bundle. One of <code>esm</code>, <code>cjs</code>, or <code>iife</code>
+  Module format of the output bundle. One of <code>esm</code>, <code>cjs</code>, or <code>iife</code>. Defaults to{" "}
+  <code>cjs</code> when <code>--bytecode</code> is used.
 </ParamField>
 
 ### File Naming

packages/bun-types/bun.d.ts

@@ -2594,7 +2594,10 @@ declare module "bun" {
      * start times, but will make the final output larger and slightly increase
      * memory usage.
      *
-     * Bytecode is currently only supported for CommonJS (`format: "cjs"`).
+     * - CommonJS: works with or without `compile: true`
+     * - ESM: requires `compile: true`
+     *
+     * Without an explicit `format`, defaults to CommonJS.
      *
      * Must be `target: "bun"`
      * @default false

src/bun.js/api/JSBundler.zig

@@ -1019,6 +1019,13 @@ pub const JSBundler = struct {
                 }
             }
 
+            // ESM bytecode requires compile because module_info (import/export metadata)
+            // is only available in compiled binaries. Without it, JSC must parse the file
+            // twice (once for module analysis, once for bytecode), which is a deopt.
+            if (this.bytecode and this.format == .esm and this.compile == null) {
+                return globalThis.throwInvalidArguments("ESM bytecode requires compile: true. Use format: 'cjs' for bytecode without compile.", .{});
+            }
+
             return this;
         }
 

src/cli/Arguments.zig

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub const build_only_params = [_]ParamType{
     clap.parseParam("--sourcemap <STR>?               Build with sourcemaps - 'linked', 'inline', 'external', or 'none'") catch unreachable,
     clap.parseParam("--banner <STR>                   Add a banner to the bundled output such as \"use client\"; for a bundle being used with RSCs") catch unreachable,
     clap.parseParam("--footer <STR>                   Add a footer to the bundled output such as // built with bun!") catch unreachable,
-    clap.parseParam("--format <STR>                   Specifies the module format to build to. \"esm\", \"cjs\" and \"iife\" are supported. Defaults to \"esm\".") catch unreachable,
+    clap.parseParam("--format <STR>                   Specifies the module format to build to. \"esm\", \"cjs\" and \"iife\" are supported. Defaults to \"esm\", or \"cjs\" with --bytecode.") catch unreachable,
     clap.parseParam("--root <STR>                     Root directory used for multiple entry points") catch unreachable,
     clap.parseParam("--splitting                      Enable code splitting") catch unreachable,
     clap.parseParam("--public-path <STR>              A prefix to be appended to any import paths in bundled code") catch unreachable,
@@ -1346,11 +1346,19 @@ pub fn parse(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, ctx: Command.Context, comptime cmd: C
             }
 
             ctx.bundler_options.output_format = format;
-            // ESM bytecode is supported for --compile builds (module_info is embedded in binary)
+            if (ctx.bundler_options.bytecode) {
-            if (format != .cjs and format != .esm and ctx.bundler_options.bytecode) {
+                if (format != .cjs and format != .esm) {
                     Output.errGeneric("format must be 'cjs' or 'esm' when bytecode is true.", .{});
                     Global.exit(1);
                 }
+                // ESM bytecode requires --compile because module_info (import/export metadata)
+                // is only available in compiled binaries. Without it, JSC must parse the file
+                // twice (once for module analysis, once for bytecode), which is a deopt.
+                if (format == .esm and !ctx.bundler_options.compile) {
+                    Output.errGeneric("ESM bytecode requires --compile. Use --format=cjs for bytecode without --compile.", .{});
+                    Global.exit(1);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         if (args.flag("--splitting")) {