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Digital Research
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Sepp J Morris
2020-11-06 18:50:37 +01:00
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.so macro
.he 'AR68''AR68'
.pr PROGRAM AR68
ar68 - archive maintainer
.us USAGE
ar68 flags [pos] archive file1 file2 ...
.fn FUNCTION
\&'ar68' collects individual files into a single archive,
or library file.
It is primarily used to maintain libraries of object files
for use by the loader,
although it can be used with any type of file.
.sp 1
The flags argument determines the function that 'ar68' performs.
One character from the set {dprtx} must be specified;
these are the function select flags.
The function select flags specify the following functions:
.sp 2
.in +8
.ti -8
d\ \ \ \ \ \ \ Delete the specified files from the archive.
.sp
.ti -8
p\ \ \ \ \ \ \ Print the specified files.
If the files are not printable,
e.g. object files, havoc results.
.sp
.ti -8
r\ \ \ \ \ \ \ Replace the specified files.
If an optional position flag from the set
{abi} is not specified new files are placed at the end of the archive.
.sp
.ti -8
t\ \ \ \ \ \ \ Print a table of contents of the archive.
If files are specified only the specified files are listed.
.sp
.ti -8
x\ \ \ \ \ \ \ Extract the specified files from the archive,
creating loose files in the current directory.
If no files are specified, all of the files in the archive are extracted.
Note that 'x' does not alter the archive.
The 'd' flag must be used to delete files from an archive.
.sp 2
.in -8
The files must be specified in the same order as they appear in the
archive file,
otherwise some of the files may not be found.
For example, if an archive "t.a" consists of the files file1, file2
and file3 in that order,
the command "ar t t.a file2 file1" will cause file2 to be listed,
but not file1.
Instead, the message "file1 not in archive" will be printed.
This is because 'ar68' only searches the archive once.
Files must be specified in the order they appear in the archive.
.sp 2
Characters from the set {abiv} may be included in the flags argument.
These characters have the following function:
.in +8
.sp 2
.ti -8
a\ \ \ \ \ \ \ When used with the 'r' flag, 'a' specifies that new files
are to be inserted after the file "pos" in the archive.
Note that the "pos" argument must be specified if and only if
one of the characters {abi} appear in the flags argument.
.sp
.ti -8
b\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 'b' has the same function as 'a', except that new files are
inserted before the file "pos" in the archive.
.sp
.ti -8
i\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 'i' has exactly the same meaning as 'b', the two characters
can be used interchangeably (but only one must appear).
.sp
.ti -8
v\ \ \ \ \ \ \ 'v' (verbose) causes a file by file description of the
operation of 'ar68' to be printed.
Files are either copied (c),
replaced (r), added (a), deleted (d) or extracted (x) from an archive.
When used with the 't' flag, 'v' causes a long listing to be printed.
Verbose has no effect on the print function.
.in -8
.fl FILES
_~ar????? (process id in octal) - temporary file
.dg DIAGNOSTICS
.sa SEE ALSO
lo68 (cmnd), ar68 (files)
.bg BUGS
When using any of the 'a' 'b', or 'i' flags to position the files,
if any of the files in the namelist already exist in the archive,
you must delete them with the delete option first. Otherwise, 'ar68'
will make another copy of them.

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.so macro
.he 'AS68''AS68'
.pr PROGRAM AS
as68 - assembler for the Motorola 68000
.us USAGE
as68 [-i] [-p] [-u] [-L] [-N] sourcefile
.fn FUNCTION
\&'as68' is the REGULUS 68000 assembler.
It is used to assemble a program for the Motorola 68000.
The syntax accepted is identical to the Motorola 68000 cross assembler as
described in Motorola Manual M68KXASM(D3) with the exceptions and
additions described below.
The source file must be present as the first argument.
The assembler always produces a relocatable object file whose name
is the same as the source file primary name with a ".o" extension --
ie. if the source file name is "test.s" then the object file name is
"test.o"; if the source file name is "pgm1" then the object file
name is "pgm1.o".
.sp
The -i option is used to initialize the assembler in the case that
the file '/lib/as68symb' does not exist or becomes corrupted. It
also requires the use of the initialization file /lib/as68init.
The command would be of the form : 'as68 -i /lib/as68init'.
.sp
If the -p flag is specified, the assembler produces a hexidecimal
side-by-side listing on the standard output
(you may want to redirect this to a file).
Error messages are also produced on the standard output file whether or not
the -p flag is specified.
.sp
If the -u flag is specified, all undefined symbols in the assembly
are treated as global.
.sp
If the -L flag is specified, all address constants are generated
as 32-bit numbers.
Default is 16-bit numbers where possible.
.sp
If the -N flag is specified, pass 1.5 of the assembler is not executed.
This pass changes all long relative branches to short relative branches
where possible.
.sp
Error messages begin with an &,
indicate the source line on which the error occurred
and are meant to be self-explanatory.
The error messages preceded by a single '&' are generated during the
first pass of the assembler and those preceded by a pair '&&' are
generated during the second pass of the assembler.
.sp
The assembler accepts both upper and lower case characters.
Labels and variables are case sensitive ('LOOP' is different
from 'Loop'), but mnemonics and directives can be in either upper
or lower case.
.sp
Macros are implemented using the C preprocessor which is part of the
cc68 command (see C68(cmnd)).
Conditional assembly is also implemented using the
preprocessor.
Use the command "cc -P pgm.s" to expand macros using the C preprocessor.
The expanded file is left on pgm.i.
.sp
.fl FILES
/lib/as68symb
.br
/tmp/a6????A (???? is the process id number)
.br
/lib/as68init
.sa SEE ALSO
as68 (misc), lo68 (cmnd), c68 (cmnd)
.ex EXTRAS
The following enhancements have been added to aid the assembly language
programmer by making the assembly language more regular:
.sp
move, add, sub mnemonics will actually generate moveq, addq, and suba
instructions where possible.
If a move instruction rather than a moveq instruction is desired (affecting
only lower byte or word of D register), the size attribute must be
explicitly coded ie. move.b or move.w.
The assembler will change any
move or move.l to moveq if possible.
.sp
clr.x An is allowed and will actually generate a suba.x An,An instruction.
.sp
add, sub, cmp with an A register source/destination are allowed and
generate adda, suba, cmpa.
.sp
add, and, cmp, eor, or, sub are allowed with immediate first operands
and actually generate addi, andi, cmpi, eori, ori, subi instructions
if the second operand is not register direct.
.sp
All branch instructions generate short relative branches where
possible, including forward references.
.sp
Any shift instruction with no shift count specified assumes a shift count
of one; ie. "asl r1" is equivalent to "asl #1,r1".
.sp
jsr instructions are changed to bsr instructions if the resulting
bsr is shorter than the jsr.
.sp
The mnemonics 'inc' and 'dec' are also recognized and are functionally
equivilent to "addq 1" or "subq 1".
.sp
Several additional mnemonics have been added to the condition code
instructions which map to the standard set (bt -> bra, bhs
-> bhis, bnz -> bne, bze -> beq, dbhs -> dbhi,
dblo -> dbcs, dbnz -> dbne, dbze -> dbeq, shs
-> scc, slo -> scc, snz -> sne, sze -> seq).
.bg BUGS
\&.set is currently implemented as a .equ.
.sp
There are several directives which are recognized but ignored:
mask2, idnt, ttl, opt, and page.
.sp
PC relative addressing mode is currently not supported.

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.so macro
.he 'C68''C68'
.de sw
.sp
.ti -8
..
.pr PROGRAM C68
c68 - 68000 C compiler
.us USAGE
c68 [-c] [-[e|f]] [-v] [-L] [-a] [-S] [-T] [-t] [-[6|7|3|5]] file...
.fn FUNCTION
'c68' is the REGULUS 68000 C compiler. It accepts three types of arguments:
.sp
Arguments whose names end with '.c' are taken to be C source programs;
they are compiled, and each object program is left on the file
whose name is that of the source with '.o' substituted for '.c'.
The '.o' file is normally deleted, however, if a single
C program is compiled and loaded all at one go.
.sp
The aforementioned flags as well as the C preprocessor flags (eg. -P or -D)
See 'cpp68(cmnd)' and the link-editor flags (eg. -l or -s) See 'lo68(cmnd)'.
The following flags are interpreted by 'c68'.
.in +8
.sw
-c\ \ \ \ \ \ Suppress the loading phase of the compilation and force an
object file to be produced, even if only one program is compiled.
.sw
-e\ \ \ \ \ \ Specify that floating point arithmetic is used. Instructs
the loader to load the floating point library 'libE.a'. Constants
will be generated in the 'IEEE Floating Point' format. Constants will
be generated in this format by default.
.sw
-f\ \ \ \ \ \ Specify that floating point arithmetic is used. Instructs
the loader to load the floating point library 'libF.a'. Constants
will be generated in the 'Fast Floating Point' format.
.sw
-v\ \ \ \ \ \ Force the 'C' source file being processed to be printed
regardless of whether there is more than one or not.
.sw
-S\ \ \ \ \ \ Compile the named C programs, and leave
the assembler-language output on corresponding file suffixed by '.s'.
Line number comments are included in the assembly code to help relate
the assembly code and the C source.
.sw
-L\ \ \ \ \ \ (default) Compile a program which is larger than 32K bytes.
This flag instructs the assembler to generate 32 bit addresses for
all external references and also changes some code generation
sequences (i.e. indexed array references). This flag MUST be specified
for all programs whose total size (text size + data size + bss size)
is larger than 32K bytes.
.sw
-a\ \ \ \ \ \ This is the alternate of the '-L' flag, it causes
the assembler to generate 16 bit addresses for all externally referenced
variables.
.sw
-T\ \ \ \ \ \ Generate assembler code suitable for the 68010.
Generates "move cc" instead of "move sr". Let's the assembler know the
meaning of the "movec", "moves", "rte", and "rtd" instructions.
.sw
-t\ \ \ \ \ \ Causes string constants to be placed in the text segment
(as opposed to the data segment). The '-t' flag with an appended
0, 1, 2, or p (eg. '-tp') is used to specify an alternate parser,
code generator, assembler or preprocessor respectively. The alternate
executables are expected to be located in the directory "/usr/c68".
.sw
-6\ \ \ \ \ \ Version 6 compatibility mode. Adds the v6 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/v6), and
adds the version 6 compatibility library (/lib/libv6.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-7\ \ \ \ \ \ Version 7 compatibility mode. Adds the v7 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/v7), and
adds the version 7 compatibility library (/lib/libv7.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-3\ \ \ \ \ \ System 3 compatibility mode. Adds the s3 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/sys3), and
adds the system 3 compatibility library (/lib/libs3.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-5\ \ \ \ \ \ System 5 compatibility mode. Adds the s5 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/sys5), and
adds the system 5 compatibility library (/lib/libs5.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-P\ \ \ \ \ \ Run only the macro preprocessor
on the named C programs, and leave the output on corresponding
files suffixed '.i'.
.sw
-E\ \ \ \ \ \ Run only the macro preprocessor on the named C programs,
and write the output to the standard output device. Each code block is
identified using a sequence consisting of the source file name and
line number (eg. # 34 file.c).
.sw
-C\ \ \ \ \ \ Like the -C flag except that the comments are not removed.
This is used by lint and similar programs which need information which
is stored in comments.
.sw
-Dxxx\ \ \ Define the symbol "xxx" as a preprocessor symbol.
This flag is useful for setting compile time options such as "DEBUG"
or "NOMMU". (See the "ifdef" construct described below)
.sw
-Idir\ \ \ Specify a directory (eg. -I/usr/include/test) in which to
search for include files which are surrounded by angle brackets <stdio.h>
or quotes "ctypes.h" before searching in the default directory '/usr/include'.
If '-I' is specified without a directory name the current directory will
be used.
.in -8
.sp
Other arguments are taken to be either loader flag arguments,
or C-compatible object programs, typically produced by an earlier 'c68' run,
or perhaps libraries of C-compatible routines. These programs,
together with the results of any compilations specified, are loaded
(in the order given) to produce an executable program with name 'c.out'.
.sp
The instruction 'asm("text");' will output a single line of text into the
assembly output literally.
.fl FILES
.nf
.na
file.c input file
file.o object file
file.s assembly language file
file.i preprocessor output file
a.out loaded output
/tmp/c6t?a temporary
/lib/c068 parser
/lib/c168 code generator
/lib/c680.o runtime startoff
/lib/lib7.a 68000 C library
/lib/libF.a 68000 fast floating point library
/lib/libE.a 68000 IEEE floating point library
/lib/libv6.a version 6 compatibility library
/lib/libv7.a version 7 compatibility library
/lib/libs3.a system 3 compatiblity library
/lib/libs5.a system 5 compatibility library
.fi
.ad
.sa SEE ALSO
.fi
.ad
"The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie, published by
Prentice-Hall in 1978.
.br
cpp(cmnd), as(cmnd), ld(cmnd), float(misc), a.out(files)
.br
float(misc)
.dg DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by C itself are intended to be self-explanatory.
Occasional messages may be produced by the assembler or loader.
To distinguish the source of error messages,
compiler error messages begin with an *,
assembler error messages begin with an &,
and loader error messages begin with a :.
.sp
.ti -5
DIFFERENCES
.br
This compiler is an implementation of the language as described in
Kernighan and Ritchie Appendix A with the following exceptions
and/or machine dependencies:
.sp
All pointers are 32 bits in length to accommodate the full 68000
addressing range.
Address constants are generated as 32-bit numbers
unless the -a flag is specified.
.sp
Pointer register variables are assigned to A-registers.
All other register variables are assigned to D-registers.
There are 5 D-registers and 3 A-registers available for register variables.
.sp
Structure arguments, and structures returned
from procedures are not yet implemented.
.sp
An additional comment syntax has been added. Comments may be introduced
by two slashes (i.e. //) and are terminated by the end of the source line.
The standard C comment syntax (i.e. /* comment */) is also supported.
.sp
Unsigned long and unsigned short have not yet been implemented.

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.so macro
.he 'CPP68''CPP68'
.de sw
.sp
.ti -8
..
.pr PROGRAM CPP68
cpp68 - 68000 C preprocessor
.us USAGE
cpp68 [-C] [-P] [-E] [-D] [-I] [-[6|7|3|5]] source
.fn FUNCTION
'cpp68' is the REGULUS 68000 C preprocessor. It may be called specifically
or by using 'cc'. The following flags re interpreted by the C preprocessor:
.sp
.sw
-P\ \ \ \ \ \ Run only the macro preprocessor
on the named C programs, and leave the output on corresponding
files suffixed '.i'.
.sw
-E\ \ \ \ \ \ Run only the macro preprocessor on the named C programs,
and write the output to the standard output device. Each code block is
identified using a sequence consisting of the source file name and
line number (eg. # 34 file.c).
.sw
-C\ \ \ \ \ \ Like the -C flag except that the comments are not removed.
This is used by lint and similar programs which need information which
is stored in comments.
.sw
-Idir\ \ \ Specify a directory (eg. -I/usr/include/test) in which to
search for include files which are surrounded by angle brackets <stdio.h>
or quotes "ctypes.h" before searching in the default directory '/usr/include'.
If '-I' is specified without a directory name the current directory will
be used.
.sw
-6\ \ \ \ \ \ Version 6 compatibility mode. Adds the v6 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/v6), and
adds the version 6 compatibility library (/lib/libv6.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-7\ \ \ \ \ \ Version 7 compatibility mode. Adds the v7 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/v7), and
adds the version 7 compatibility library (/lib/libv7.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-3\ \ \ \ \ \ System 3 compatibility mode. Adds the s3 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/sys3), and
adds the system 3 compatibility library (/lib/libs3.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.sw
-5\ \ \ \ \ \ System 5 compatibility mode. Adds the s5 include file
directory onto the include file search list (/usr/include/sys5), and
adds the system 5 compatibility library (/lib/libs5.a) to the
loader's library search list.
.in -8
.sp
.ne 4
'cpp68' provides a macro processing facility with the following commands:
.sp
.in +8
.ti -8
#include "filename"
.br
.ti -8
#include <filename>
.sp
Causes the text of the named file to be inserted in the input stream.
Files may contain (nested) #include statements. The quoted (single or
double) inlude file will first be looked for in the directory where the
source file exists which references it, followed by the directories
specified using the '-I' flag, and finally in the directory '/usr/include'.
An include file surrounded by angle brackets will be looked for only on
the include file path list, and in '/usr/include'.
.sp
.ti -8
#define NAME string
.sp
Causes the contents of "string" to be substituted
for NAME whenever NAME is encountered in the input stream.
NAME must be a valid "C" identifier.
.sp
.ti -8
#define NAME(a,b,c) text
.sp
Causes substitution of the text (with
parameters) whenever
NAME(p1,p2,p3) is encountered in the input stream.
NAME, a, b, and c must be valid "C" identifiers.
.sp
.ti -8
#undef NAME
.sp
Causes the definition of NAME to be forgotten.
.sp
.ti -8
#ifdef NAME
.sp
If NAME has been previously defined in a #define statement
or via the -D flag,
include all input until a corresponding #else or #endif is encountered;
if NAME is undefined, skip the input.
Nesting of conditional statements is permitted.
The value of NAME is immaterial.
.sp
.ti -8
#ifndef NAME
.sp
If NAME has not been defined in a previous #define statement,
include all input until a corresponding #else or #endif
is encountered in the input
stream; if NAME is defined, skip the input.
.sp
.ti -8
#if CONSTANT_EXPRESSION
.sp
If the CONSTANT_EXPRESSION has a non-zero value, include
all input until a corresponding #endif or #else is encountered in the
input stream; if CONSTANT_EXPRESSION is zero, skip the input.
.sp
.ti -8
#else
.sp
If the checked condition in the corresponding #if, #ifdef, or
#ifndef is true then any lines between #else and #endif are ignored.
If the checked condition is false then any lines between the test
and the #else or, lacking a #else, the #endif, are ignored.
.sp
.ti -8
#endif
.sp
Terminate a #if or #ifdef or #ifndef statement.
.sp
.ti -8
#line LINE [FILENAME]
.sp
Coerces the preprocessor and the parser into believing that the next line
is in the specified file on the specified line. If no filename is
specified uses the current source file name.
.in -8
.sp
There are two predefined, user redefineable macro's __FILE and __LINE
while will respectively be evaluated to the current file name enclosed
in double quotes and line number respectively by the preprocessor.
.sp
.fl FILES
.nf
.na
file.c input file
file.s assembly language input file
file.i preprocessor output file
.fi
.ad
.sa SEE ALSO
.fi
.ad
c68(cmnd)

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.so macro
.he 'LO68''LO68'
.de np
.sp
.in -5
.lp +5 5
..
.pr PROGRAM LO68
lo68 - 68000 link editor
.us USAGE
lo68 [ -slXZUoIr] name ...
.fn FUNCTION
\&'lo68'
combines several object programs into one;
resolves external references; and searches libraries.
In the simplest case the names of several object
programs are given, and
\&'lo68'
combines them, producing
an object module which can be executed on the 68000.
The output of
\&'lo68'
is left on
\&'c.out'
(or the file name specified by -o).
This file is made executable only if no errors occurred during the load.
.sp
The argument routines are concatenated in the order
specified.
The entry point of the output is the
beginning of the first routine.
.sp
If any argument is a library, it is searched exactly once
at the point it is encountered in the argument list.
Only those routines defining an unresolved external
reference are loaded.
If a routine from a library
references another routine in the library,
the referenced routine must appear after the
referencing routine in the library.
Thus the order of programs within libraries is important.
Libraries are assumed to be standard ar (cmnd) format
(either magic number 177555 or magic number 177545 library
formats can be searched).
.sp
\&'lo68'
understands several flag arguments which are written
preceded by a `-'.
Except for -l,
they should appear before the file names.
.sp
.lp +4 4
-s\ \ \ `strip' the output, that is, remove the symbol table
and relocation bits to save space.
.np +4 4
-r\ \ \ put the relocation bits on the output file
(default is no relocation bits on the output file).
.np +4 4
-I\ \ \ don't output error messages for 16-bit address overflow.
.np +4 4
-U\ \ \ take the following argument as a symbol and enter
it as undefined in the symbol table.
This is useful
for loading wholly from a library, since initially the symbol
table is empty and an unresolved reference is needed
to force the loading of the first routine.
.np +4 4
-o\ \ \ interprets the argument immediately following it as the name
of the output file. If this argument is not specified, the name
of the output file is c.out.
.np +4 4
-l\ \ \ This option is an abbreviation for a library name.
-l
alone stands for `/lib/lib7.a', which
is the standard system library for assembly language programs.
-lx
stands for `/lib/libx.a' where x is any character.
A library is searched when its name is encountered,
so the placement of a -l
is significant.
.np +4 4
-X\ \ \ Save local symbols
except for those whose names begin with `L'.
This option is used by
\&'lo68'
to discard internally generated labels while
retaining symbols local to routines.
If the -X flag is not specified, lo68 puts only global symbols
into the symbol table.
.np +4 4
-Znnnnnnnn\ \ \ Define nnnnnnnn as beginning hex address for
text segment.
This address defaults to 0, but can be specified as any hex number
between 0 and 0FFFFFFFF hex.
This option is especially useful for stand-alone programs.
nnnnnnnn must be a hex number -- lower case a-f or upper case A-F are
both allowed.
.np +4 4
-Tnnnnnnnn\ \ \ Same as -Znnnnnnnn.
.np +4 4
-Dnnnnnnnn\ \ \ Define nnnnnnnn as beginning hex address for
data segment.
This address defaults to next byte after end of text segment,
but can be specified as any hex number
between 0 and 0FFFFFFFF hex.
This option is especially useful for stand-alone programs.
nnnnnnnn must be a hex number -- lower case a-f or upper case A-F are
both allowed.
.np +4 4
-Bnnnnnnnn\ \ \ Define nnnnnnnn as beginning hex address for
bss segment.
This address defaults to next byte after end of data segment,
but can be specified as any hex number
between 0 and 0FFFFFFFF hex.
This option is especially useful for stand-alone programs.
nnnnnnnn must be a hex number -- lower case a-f or upper case A-F are
both allowed.
.in -5
.dt
.fl FILES
.nf
/lib/lib7.a standard library
/lib/libF.a floating point library
.fi
.br
c.out output file
.sa "SEE ALSO"
as(cmnd), ar(cmnd), cc(cmnd)
.dg DIAGNOSTICS
Error messages begin with a : and are meant to be self-explanatory.

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.ll 64
.po 8
.in 0
.so Sectioname

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.de lp
.in +5
.ti -5
..
.de pr
.bp 1
.sp 2
PROGRAM
.br
.in +5
..
.de us
.sp
.ti -5
USAGE
.br
..
.de fn
.sp
.ti -5
FUNCTION
.br
..
.de fl
.sp
.ti -5
FILES
.br
..
.de dg
.sp
.ti -5
DIAGNOSTICS
.br
..
.de sa
.sp
.ti -5
SEE ALSO
.br
..
.de bg
.sp
.ti -5
BUGS
.br
..
.de n
.bp 1
.sp
NAME
.in +5
.br
..
.de d
.sp
.ti -5
DESCRIPTION
.br
..
.de ex
.sp
.ti -5
EXTRAS
.br
..
.de ai
.sp
.ti -5
.fi
ASSEMBLY INTERFACE
.br
.nf
..
.de cs
.sp
.ti -5
CALLING SEQUENCE
.br
..
.de sy
.sp
.ti -5
SYNOPSIS
.br
..
.de it
\&'\\$1'
..
.de rt
.sp
.ti -5
RETURN VALUES
.br
..

14
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.so macro
.he 'NMC68''NMC68'
.pr PROGRAM NMC68
nmc68 - print c68 symbol table
.us USAGE
nmc68 [ name ]
.fn FUNCTION
prints the symbol table from the output file of an
68000 assembler (as68) or loader (lo68) run.
Each symbol name is followed by its value
and one or more of the following type descriptors: equ (equated), global,
equreg (equated register), external, data, text, bss, abs (absolute).
The output is not sorted and thus appears in the order that the
symbols appear in the file's symbol table.

1
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.fo 'REGULUS Reference Manual'- % -'COMMAND'

37
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.so macro
.he 'SENDC68''SENDC68'
.pr PROGRAM SENDC68
sendc68 - 68000 downloader
.us USAGE
sendc68 [-r] [-d delay] [-s start] [-e end] [-] objectfile [ ttyname ]
.fn FUNCTION
\&'sendc68' reads the objectfile, which must be in the c.out format produced
by the 68000 linking loader lo68. Sendc68 converts this executable
object code into the absolute ASCII load format (S records) acceptable
by the MACSBUG monitor and then sends these S records to the 68000
via a serial line.
.sp
Locations 400 hexadecimal through 1000 hexidecimal are MACSBUG ram
and will not be loaded. In order to override this, the '-s' and '-e'
flags can be used to alter the addresses which are not to be
loaded. With 'start' being the first address to not load, and 'end'
being the last address. By setting the ending address to be smaller
than the starting address all locations will be considered legitimate.
.sp
The optional argument '-r' will only output a newline, rather than
the standard newline-carriage return. This is for use by systems
which translate newline to carriage return-newline.
.sp
The '-d delay' flag allows the user to specify a line delay. This is
for slowing the output of sendc68 when outputting to a slow device.
.sp
If the optional final argument 'ttyname' is
present, this is the name of the special file (ie. /dev/tty?) to use
to download the 68000. If this optional third argument is not
present, the standard output file is used.
.sp
If the optional "-" argument is specified, sendc68 does not clear
the bss segment during the load. This results in a faster load, but
all bss memory will have random initial values.
.sa SEE ALSO
c68 (cmnd), as68 (cmnd), lo68 (cmnd), c.out (files)

20
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.so macro
.he 'SETSTACK68''SETSTACK68'
.pr PROGRAM SETSTACK68
setstack68 - set the stack size
.us USAGE
setstack68 file stacksize [breaksize]
.fn FUNCTION
Sets the stack entry or break size in an executable file to the given
values.
The values are rounded up to the next 1K value.
If the stacksize is 0, the entry in the executable file is not changed.
If the breaksize is not given, the entry in the executable file is not
changed.
The entries are only advisory on a system with a Memory Management Unit.
.sa SEE ALSO
.br
size68 (cmnd)
.br
c.out (file)
.bg BUGS

23
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.so macro
.he 'TEKSENDC68''TEKSENDC68'
.pr PROGRAM TEKSENDC68
teksendc68 - 68000 downloader
.us USAGE
teksendc68 [-] objectfile [ttyname]
.fn FUNCTION
Teksendc68
reads the objectfile, which must be in the c.out format produced
by the 68000 linking loader lo68. Teksendc68 converts this executable
object code into the Tektronix Extended TEKHEX format acceptable by
the 8540 for the 68000 and writes this TEKHEX to the output file.
.sp
If the optional third argument (ttyname) is
present, this is the name of the special file (ie. /dev/tty?) to use
to download the 68000. If this optional third argument is not
present, the standard output file is used.
.sp
If the optional "-" argument is specified, teksendc68 does not clear
the bss segment during the load. This results in a faster load, but
all bss memory will have random initial values.
.sa SEE ALSO
c68 (cmnd), as68 (cmnd), lo68 (cmnd), c.out (files)

1
CPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/CPM 68K/1.0X SOURCES/v103/doc/files/Sectioname Normal file
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.fo 'REGULUS Reference Manual'- % -'FILES'

27
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.so macro
.he 'AR68''AR68'
.n NAME AR68
ar68 - archive format
.d DESCRIPTION
The first word in an archive file is a magic number which
defines the type of archive file.
Magic number (0177545) archives are maintained on REGULUS.
Each constituent file in an archive file is preceeded by a file header.
The structure of the file header is:
.sp
.in +5
.nf
.na
struct arhdr {
char a_fname[14]; // file name
long a_modti; // last modified time
char a_userid; // user id (uid)
char a_gid; // group id (gid)
int a_fimode; // mode word
long a_fsize; // file size
};
.fi
.ad
.in -5
.sa SEE ALSO
ar68 (cmnd), lo68 (cmnd)

165
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.so macro
.he 'C.OUT''C.OUT'
.n NAME c.out
c.out - 68000 loader output
.d DESCRIPTION
'c.out' is the output file of the loader 'ld68 (cmnd)'.
The loader makes 'c.out' executable if there were no
errors and no unresolved external references.
The *.o relocatable object files which are produced by the assembler
'as68 (cmnd)' have this same format.
.sp
This file has four sections:
a header, the program and data text, a symbol table, and relocation bits
(in that order).
The last two may be empty if the program was loaded
with the '-s' option of 'ld68 (cmnd)'.
.sp
There are two formats of the header.
The first header format starts
with the identifying number 601A hex and contains 14 words in the
following format:
.sp
.nf
.na
.in +5
struct hdr {
int magic; //c.out magic number = 601A hex
long tsize; //# bytes in program text segment
long dsize; //# bytes in program data segment
long bsize; //# bytes in program bss segment
long ssize; //# bytes in symbol table
long stksize; //initial stack size
long entry; //entry point
int rlbflg; //relocation bits suppressed flag
};
.fi
.ad
.sp
.in -5
The second header format is used when noncontiguous text, data,
and bss segments are specified to the loader using the -T, -D,
and -B flags.
This header begins with the identifying number
601B hex and contains 18 words in the following format:
.sp
.in +5
.nf
.na
struct hdr {
int magic; //c.out magic number = 601B hex
long tsize; //# bytes in program text segment
long dsize; //# bytes in program data segment
long bsize; //# bytes in program bss segment
long ssize; //# bytes in symbol table
long stksize; //initial stack size
long entry; //entry point--address of text segment
int rlbflg; //relocation bits suppressed flag
long dstart; //address of data segment
long bstart; //address of bss segment
};
.fi
.ad
.sp
.in -5
The sizes of each segment are in bytes but are even.
The size of the header is not included in any of the other sizes.
.sp
When a file produced by the loader is loaded into memory for execution,
three logical segments are set up:
the text segment, the data segment
(with uninitialized data,
which starts off as all 0, following initialized),
and a stack.
The text segment begins at the address contained in "entry"
in the core image; the header is not loaded.
If the magic number (word 0) is 601A hex, it indicates that the text
segment is not to be write-protected and shared,
so the data segment is immediately contiguous
with the text segment.
If the magic number is 601C hex, it indicates that the text segment is
to be write protected and shared and that the beginning of the data
segment is at the first 2K byte boundary beyond the text segment.
If the magic number is 601D hex, it indicates that the text segment and
the data segment are both loaded with virtual addresses beginning
at 0 (I and D split).
If the magic number is 601E hex, it indicates that the text segment is
to be write protected and shared and that the beginning of the data
segment is at the first 4K byte boundary beyond the text segment.
.sp
The symbol table consists of 7-word entries.
The first four words contain the ASCII name of the symbol, null-padded.
The next word is a flag indicating the type of symbol.
The following values are possible:
.sp
.in +5
.nf
.na
0100000 defined
0040000 equated
0020000 global - entry or external
0010000 equated register
0004000 external reference
0002000 DATA based relocatable
0001000 TEXT based relocatable
0000400 BSS based relocatable
.in -5
.fi
.ad
.sp
These values are bit flags which may be or'ed together to indicate
completely a symbol type such as 0122000 for a defined global data
segment relocatable symbol.
.sp
The last two words (long) of a symbol table
entry contain the value of the symbol.
.sp
If the symbol's type is undefined external,
and the value field is non-zero,
the symbol is interpreted by the loader
ld
as the name of a common region
whose size is indicated by the value of the symbol.
.sp
The value of a word in the text or data portions which is not
a reference to an undefined external symbol
is exactly that value which will appear in memory
when the file is executed.
If a word in the text or data portion
involves a reference to an undefined external symbol,
as indicated by the relocation bits for that word,
then the value of the word as stored in the file
is an offset from the associated external symbol.
When the file is processed by the
loader and the external symbol becomes
defined, the value of the symbol will
be added into the word in the file.
.sp
If relocation information is present, it amounts to one word per
word of program text or initialized data.
There is no relocation information if the "suppress relocation"
flag in the header is on.
.sp
Bits 2-0 of a relocation word indicate the segment referred
to by the text or data word associated with the relocation word:
.sp
.nf
.na
.in +5
00 indicates the reference is absolute
01 indicates the reference is data segment relocatable
02 indicates the reference is text segment relocatable
03 indicates the reference is bss segment relocatable
04 indicates the reference is to an undefined external symbol
05 indicates the reference is to the upper word of a long
07 indicates the absolute first word of an instruction
.fi
.ad
.in -5
.sp
The remainder of the relocation word (bits 15-3)
contains a symbol number in the case of external
references, and is unused otherwise.
The first symbol is numbered 0, the second 1, etc.
.sa "SEE ALSO"
as68 (cmnd), ld68 (cmnd)

4
CPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/CPM 68K/1.0X SOURCES/v103/doc/macro Normal file
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.ll 64
.po 8
.in 0
.so Sectioname

95
CPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/CPM 68K/1.0X SOURCES/v103/doc/mdef Normal file
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.de lp
.in +5
.ti -5
..
.de pr
.bp 1
.sp 2
PROGRAM
.br
.in +5
..
.de us
.sp
.ti -5
USAGE
.br
..
.de fn
.sp
.ti -5
FUNCTION
.br
..
.de fl
.sp
.ti -5
FILES
.br
..
.de dg
.sp
.ti -5
DIAGNOSTICS
.br
..
.de sa
.sp
.ti -5
SEE ALSO
.br
..
.de bg
.sp
.ti -5
BUGS
.br
..
.de n
.bp 1
.sp
NAME
.in +5
.br
..
.de d
.sp
.ti -5
DESCRIPTION
.br
..
.de ex
.sp
.ti -5
EXTRAS
.br
..
.de ai
.sp
.ti -5
.fi
ASSEMBLY INTERFACE
.br
.nf
..
.de cs
.sp
.ti -5
CALLING SEQUENCE
.br
..
.de sy
.sp
.ti -5
SYNOPSIS
.br
..
.de it
\&'\\$1'
..
.de rt
.sp
.ti -5
RETURN VALUES
.br
..

1
CPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/CPM 68K/1.0X SOURCES/v103/doc/misc/Sectioname Normal file
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.fo 'REGULUS Reference Manual'- % -'MISC'

222
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.de zi
.sp
.ti -5
..
.de zb
.br
.ti -5
..
.so macro
.he 'AS68''AS68'
.n NAME as
as68 - assembler for the Motorola 68000
.fn FUNCTION
The REGULUS assembler 'as' is designed to be used in conjunction with
the other REGULUS standard language processing tools: c68 and lo68. The
language implemented is primarily as is described in any of the standard
68000 assembler manuals, with a few enhancements to make it accept
some of the more standard assembler mnemonics. It will attempt to
optimize instructions to take advantage of certain 68000 instructions
\&(for example the add quick instruction).
.sp
The following instructions are recoginized to aid the assembly language
programmer by making the assembly language more regular: clr.x An (where
x is l,b, or w) is allowed and will actually generate a suba.x An,An
instruction; add, sub, cmp with an A register source/destination are
allowed and generate adda, suba, cmpa; add, and, cmp, eor, or, sub are
allowed with immediate first operands and actually generate addi, andi,
cmpi, eori, ori, subi instructions if the second operand is not register
direct; any shift instruction with no shift count specified assumes a
shift count of one (ie. "asl r1" is equivalent to "asl #1,r1"); the
mnemonics 'inc' and 'dec' are also recognized and are functionally
equivilent to "addq 1" or "subq 1".
Several mnemonics have been added to the standard set of condition code
instructions: 'bt' maps to 'bra', 'bhs' maps to 'bhis', 'bnz' maps to 'bne',
\&'bze' maps to 'beq', 'dbhs' maps to 'dbhi', 'dblo' maps to 'dbcs',
\&'dbnz' maps to 'dbne', 'dbze' maps to 'dbeq', 'shs' maps to 'scc',
\&'slo' maps to 'scc', 'snz' maps to 'sne', and 'sze' maps to 'seq'.
.sp
Several optimizations take place. All branch instructions generate
short relative branches where possible, including forward references.
\&'jsr' instructions are changed to 'bsr' instructions if the resulting
\&'bsr' is shorter than the 'jsr'. 'move', 'add', 'sub' mnemonics will
actually generate 'moveq', 'addq', and 'suba' instructions where possible.
If a 'move' instruction rather than a 'moveq' instruction is desired (affecting
only lower byte or word of D register), the size attribute must be
explicitly coded ie. move.b or move.w. The assembler will change any
move or move.l to moveq if possible.
.sp
All labels must terminate with a ':', unless they start in column 1.
Registers may be referenced as r0 - r15, R0 - R15, D0 - D7, d0 - d7,
A0 - A7, or a0-a7. Registers R8 - R15 are the same as A0 - A7.
Numbers are interpreted as decimal. Hexidecimal may be specified
by preceding the number by a dollar sign ($) and numbers which
begin with a preceeding zero (0) are assumed to be octal.
.sp
REGULUS assembler directives can be specified in upper and/or lower
case characters and may be preceded by an optional dot (.).
The following directives have been implemented:
.in +10
.zi
text
.zb
data
.zb
bss
.br
These three directives instruct the assembler to change the assembler
base segment to the text, data, or bss segment respectively. Each
assembly starts in the text segment. It is illegal to assemble
instructions or data into the bss segment. Symbols may be defined and
storage may be reserved using the .ds directive in the bss segment.
.zi
section #
.br
This directive is used to define a base segment like the .bss, .data
and .text directives discussed above. The sections can be numbered
0 to 15 inclusive. Section 14 maps to data, section 15 is bss and
all the others are text sections.
.zi
globl name[,name...]
.zb
xdef name[,name...]
.zb
xref name[,name...]
.br
These directives make the name(s) external. If they are defined in
the current assembly, this statement makes these names available to
other routines during a load by lo68. If these names are not defined
in the current assembly, they become undefined external references
and lo68 will link them to external values of the same name in other
routines. Specifying the -u flag will force the assembler to make all
undefined names external.
.zi
comm name,expression
.br
This directive defines a named block common area. When several routines
are linked together with lo68, all block common areas with the same name
are loaded at the same address. The size of this block common storage
area is the largest value of the expression part of all 'comm' directives
with the same name. No error message is produced if the areas are of
different sizes.
.zi
even
.br
If the location counter is odd, it is incremented by one so that the
next instruction or data field will begin on an even memory boundary.
.sp
The relocation counter may be manipulated with a statement like:
.br
.ti +10
*=expr
.br
Care should be exercised when using this facility.
The expression may only move the relocation counter forward.
The unused space is filled
with zeroes in the text or data segments and is simply not assigned in
the bss segment.
This facility requires the assembler to not allow comment lines which
begin with "*=".
Comments beginning with "* =" are allowed.
.zi
org expression
.br
This directive is used to change the program counter to the specified
address. The expression must not contain any external references and
must be computable at the time of assembly.
.zi
ds[.x] operand
.br
This is the directive used to define storage. Storage can be defined
in bytes, words or long words depending upon the extension specified
\&('b', 'w', 'l' where word is the default). The memory is not initialized,
just reserved. Word or long defined storage will be aligned on a word
boundary.
.zi
comline expression
.br
This directive is identical to the 'ds.b' instruction. The specified
argument must be a constant expression.
.zi
equ expression
.zb
set expression
.br
Currently 'set' and 'equ' are implemented exactly the same. These directives
are used to assign a value to the specified label. This non-optional label
may not be redefined elsewhere in the program. It can then be used anywhere
that a constant is required and will be evaluated to the specified value.
.zi
end
.br
The 'end' directive specifies the end of the assembler text. It is not
required for appropriate assembly. If it is not at the end of the text
an error will be reported.
.zi
offset expression
.br
This directive creates a dummy storage section using the 'ds' directive.
No code generating instructions may occur. It is terminated by
a 'section', 'data', 'bss', 'text' or 'end'. The offset table begins
at the address specified in the expression. The 'set', 'equ', 'reg',
\&'xref', 'xdef', 'globl', 'offset', and any conditional directive may
appear inside.
.zi
dcb[.x] size,value
.br
Just like the dc.b command. Defines a constant block of the specified size
of bytes, words or longs.
.zi
reg reglist
.br
This directive builds a register mask which can be used by the
movem instruction. One or more registers can be listed in
increasing order of the form : 'R?[-R?[/R?[-R?...]...]]'.
Where R? can be replaced by A0-A7, D0-D7 and R0-R15. The
register list might look like : A2-A4/A7/D1/D3-D5.
The registers may also be designated separated by
commas (eg. A1,A2,D5,D7).
.sp
.in -10
Conditional assembly directives can have any level of nesting.
The following conditional assembler directives have been implemented:
.in +10
.zi
ifeq expression
.zb
ifne expression
.zb
ifle expression
.zb
iflt expression
.zb
ifge expression
.zb
ifgt expression
.br
The expression is tested against zero (with ifeq: equal, ifne: not equal,
ifle: less or equal, iflt: less than, ifge: greater or equal,
ifgt: greater) and if it is evaluated true then
the code enclosed is assembled, otherwise the code is ignored until
the matching endc is found.
.zi
ifc 'string1','string2'
.zb
ifnc 'string1','string2'
.br
The two strings are compared. The 'c' condition is true if they are
exactly the same, the 'nc' condition is true if they do not match.
.zi
endc
.br
Signifies the end of the code to be conditionally assembled.
.sp
.in -10
ASCII string constants may be enclosed in single quotes (ie. 'ABCD') or
in double quotes (ie. "ac14").
.sp
Several directives are recognized, but ignored: 'mask2', 'idnt', 'ttl',
\& 'opt', and 'page'.
.sp
.sa SEE ALSO
as68(cmnd)

54
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.so macro
.he 'FLOAT''FLOAT'
.n NAME
float - floating point number formats
.d DESCRIPTION
.ti +5
Regulus supports two formats of single precision floating point numbers.
They are the Motorola 'Fast Floating Point' and the 'IEEE standard'.
Both types are stored in 32-bit entities. They are not compatible.
.sp
.ti +5
The FFP format consists of a 24 bit mantissa, 1 bit of sign, and
7 bits of exponent. The exponent is stored in it's two's complement
form.
.sp
.na
.nf
.in +3
[ | | | | | | | ~~~~ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ]
|------------ Mantissa --------------|S|---- Exp ----|
.in -3
.fi
.ad
.sp
The IEEE format consists of 1 sign bit, 8 bits of exponent, and 23
bits of mantissa. The exponent is store in it's Excess 127 format.
.sp
.na
.nf
.in +3
[ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ~~~~ | | | | | | | | ]
|S|----- Exp -----|---------- Mantissa --------------|
.in -3
.fi
.ad
.sp
The floating point numbers represented by the IEEE format are :
(-1)^S * 1.F * 2^E, the FFP floating point numbers are of the form :
(-1)^S * 0.F * 2^E.
.sp
.ti +5
The IEEE format will be used if the -e flag is given to the compiler
or if the -lE flag is given to the loader. The FFP format will be
used if the -f flag is given to the compiler or if the -lF flag is
given to the loader. These flags cause floating point constants of
the appropriate flavor to be generated and the appropriate library
to be loaded.
.sp
.ti +5
The IEEE floating point values lose some precision due to the fact that
calculations use the fast floating point routines, and a translation to
and from the FFP format.
.sa SEE ALSO
cc(cmnd), lo(cmnd)

118
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.he "C68 version 4.0"Change Log"Page %"
.de bg
.sp
.in +5
..
.de eg
.sp
.in -5
..
1. Temp files generated in the current directory
.bg
In generating all other files into the current directory the temp files
also were generated there.
.eg
2. Floating Point flags
.bg
Added the -e and -f flags for specification of the IEEE or FFP floating
point packages (constant evaluations and libraries).
.eg
3. Optimization flag
.bg
Recognize the -O optimization flag and ignore it.
.eg
4. Compatibility flags
.bg
Added the -3, -5, -6, -7 flags for system 3, system 5, version 6 and
version 7. Adds an include file on the search list, as well as a
default library.
.eg
5. include file error messages
.bg
Added explicit line number and file name's within the error messages if
processing an include file.
.eg
6. Symbol Table overflow
.bg
Added clearing of the symbol table between compiles (c68 *.c).
.eg
7. Preprocessor error status
.bg
If error's occurred in the preprocessor pass the exit status wasn't
reflecting it.
.eg
8. Structure assignments
.bg
One structure may be assigned to another provided that the one on
the right is smaller than or equal to the left one in size.
.eg
9. Don't generate .globl's for external functions
.bg
Don't automatically generate .globl's for external functions, avoids
automatically loading routines which may never be used (like stdio).
.eg
10. Sizeof as array size specification
.bg
Recursive call to 'getdecl' caused the size specified using sizeof
to be lost.
.eg
11. Procedure/function name as identifier
.bg
Generated "tst.l #_ident" for "if (ident) ;" where ident is a procedure
or function name. Changed this to generate as true instead.
.eg
12. Outgoto macro
.bg
Made the outgoto procedure a macro, requires it's single parameter to
be a constant.
.eg
13. Typedef of forward referenced structures
.bg
The dimension table pointer of a typedefed forward referenced structure
was being initialized incorrectly.
.eg
14. Structure assignments
.bg
One structure may be assigned to another provided that the one on
the right is smaller than or equal to the left one in size.
.eg
15. Floating point
.bg
Floating point handling including constants, conversions and operations
added.
.eg
16. Pop stack instruction
.bg
The popstack instruction of 1..8 was turned into an addq.w which only
affected half of the sp register. The "add #d,sp" has been replaced
by either "addq.l #d,sp" or "adda.l #d,sp".
.eg
17. Optimization eqmult, eqdiv, eqmod
.bg
Generated a new code skeleton entry to deal with register integer mults,
divs, and mods (eg. register int i; i =* 34;).
.eg
18. Return of 0L
.bg
Code skeletons generated a clr R0 regardless of operand type.
.eg
19. Prefix ++, -- problems with bytes
.bg
The code skeletons for fr_eqop were a total mess, particularly for
the left hand side being a character.
Rewrote all fr_eqop and fr_eqmult code skeletons to handle these cases.
Unfortunately rcgen also gets into the act turning all =+, =-, =&, =| and
pre++, pre-- compiled for register into compiled for effect then returning
the left hand side symbol.
This is probably OK for word and long LHS but for byte it results in
lost precision.
Changed rcgen to check for CHAR LHS and not to compile for effect if so.
.eg
20. Long eq_shift int
.bg
Bad code was generated for long's left shifted by integer values.
.eg
21. Pointer to structure comparisons to integers
.bg
Previously the integer value was being multiplied by the size of the
structure in words.

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V4.2 C68 Changes
Enhancements
- Block Declarations now supported.
- Local initializations now supported.
- Structure Bit field initializations now supported.
- Preprocessor is now a separate pass and may be called manually.
- Support of the '-C' preprocessor flag.
- Support of the '-g' flag for use with the symbolic debugger.
- The '-L' flag which forces all externally addressed variables to 32
bit addresses is now the default, the '-a' flag may be used to force
them to 16 bit addresses.
- The assembler now handles the new mnemonics required by the 68010.
- All compiler error messages designate the source file in which the
problem occured as well as the line number.
- All compiler error messages are written to the standard error device.
- Addition of warning messages for possibly erraneous or unportable
constructs.
Bug Fixes
- Local, global, and block variables with the same names are now allowed
as well as subroutines with the same names as labels.
- Character constant array subscripting (problem only in 4.1 release).
- Structure initializations are now handled properly (including bit
fields and arrays).
- Sizeof works properly on all combinations of arrays and structures.
- Complex conditional expression of the form (--regi != -1 && expression)
generates the correct code now (problem only in 4.0 and 4.1 releases).
- Structure assignments of structures larger then 22 bytes now works
properly.
- -Idir no longer requires a terminating slash.
- Floating point operations of the form "if (fp)" where fp is a float
now generates the proper code.
- Floating point constants no longer require a digit to precede the
decimal point.
- Pre/post increment/decrement on floats now generates the proper code
in all cases, equal-op operations on floats now work propely in all
cases. (in particular if the floating point value is a structure
member).
_ Long expression cast as int destined for stack will always be past
as an int.
- Long constants as array indices will not be turned into 16-bit
displacement values.
- All octal and hex constants which fit into 16 bits as unsigned values
will be treated as integer constants.
Known Deficiencies
- Unsigned long not supported. (system III unix)
- Unsigned char not supported. (system III unix)
- Void type unimplemented. (system III unix)
- Enum type unimplemented. (system III unix)
- Functions can not return structures. (system III unix)
- You can't pass structures as arguments. (system III unix)

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.fo 'REGULUS Reference Manual'- % -'SUBS'

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.so macro
.he 'ATOF''ATOF'
.n NAME
atof - ascii to floating point conversion
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
double
atof(s)
char *s;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'atof' converts an ascii string into it's floating point representation,
where the string is of the format :
.sp
.nf
.ti +5
{sign}{digits}{'.'}{digits}{E}{sign}{digits}
.fi
.sp
Both signs and the exponent string is optional. The decimal point is
optional, but may appear at any point in the digit string.
The single precision result is returned.
.fl FILES
math.h - routine declaration
.sa SEE ALSO
etoa(subs), ftoa(subs), atol(subs)
.dg DIAGNOSTICS

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.so macro
.he 'CEIL''CEIL'
.n CEIL
ceil - floating point ceiling function
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
double ceil(d)
double d;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'ceil' returns the smallest integer (as a double precision
number) not less than x.
.fl FILES
math.h - declaration include file
.sa SEE ALSO
floor(subs)

27
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.so macro
.he 'ETOA''ETOA'
.n etoa
etoa - floating point exponential to ascii
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
char *
etoa(fp,buf,prec)
float fp;
char *buf;
int prec;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'etoa' converts a float into it's ascii exponential representation.
Where fp is a floating point number, buf is the buffer in
which to return the string, and
prec is the precision of the decimal places.
If the precision is specified to be zero or negative then the default
precision of six decimal places will be used.
A pointer to the beginning of buf is returned.
.fl FILES
math.h - routine declaration
.sa SEE ALSO
ftoa(subs), atoi(subs), atol(subs), itoa(subs)
.dg DIAGNOSTICS

17
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.so macro
.he 'FABS''FABS'
.n FABS
fabs - floating point absolute
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
double
fabs(d)
double d;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'fabs' returns the absolute value of a floating point number.
.fl FILES
math.h - declaration include file
.sa SEE ALSO

18
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.so macro
.he 'FLOOR''FLOOR'
.n FLOOR
floor - floating point floor function
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
double floor(d)
double d;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'floor' returns the largest integer (as a double precision
number) not greater than x.
.fl FILES
math.h - declaration include file
.sa SEE ALSO
ceil(subs)

16
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.so macro
.he 'FMOD''FMOD'
.n FMOD
fmod - floating point remainder function
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
double fmod(x,y)
double x,y;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'fmod' returns the remainder when x is divided by y.
.fl FILES
math.h - declaration include file
.sa SEE ALSO

28
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.so macro
.he 'FTOA''FTOA'
.n NAME
ftoa - floating point to ascii conversion
.sy SYNOPSIS
.nf
#include <math.h>
char *
ftoa(fp,buf,prec)
float fp;
char *buf;
int prec;
.fi
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'ftoa' converts a float into it's ascii representation.
Where fp is a floating point number, buf is the buffer in
which to return the string, and
prec is the precision of the decimal places.
If the specified precision is zero then no decimal point will be
printed. If the precision is negative then the default precision
\&(6) will be used.
A pointer to the beginning of buf is returned.
.fl FILES
math.h - routine declaration
.sa SEE ALSO
etoa(subs), atoi(subs), atol(subs), itoa(subs)
.dg DIAGNOSTICS

17
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.th GETCHAR
.sh NAME
getchar \*- read character
.sh SYNOPSIS
.ft B
int getchar( )
.br
.ft R
.sh DESCRIPTION
Getchar reads records from the standard input (VERSAdos file #5)
into a buffer and returns these characters one per call to the
user. Getchar assumes that it is reading ASCII records. It
places a '\\n' character on the end of each record, and translates
the VERSAdos tab character (any negative character) into a '\\t'.
Getchar returns a negative number for EOF or read error.
Since all VERSAdos I/O is record I/O, getchar must be buffered,
and thus is not any less efficient than getc.

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.so macro
.he 'PRINTF''PRINTF'
.n NAME PRINTF
printf - formatted print
.sy SYNOPSIS
printf(plist);
char *plist;
.d DESCRIPTION
\&'printf' takes the input string and interprets various formatting
commands and outputs the results to the standard output device.
There are two types of items in the input string: characters which
are copied literally and format statements which work on strings,
characters and numerics.
.sp
The string takes the form of a literal string with embedded format
statements and the various arguments on which the format statements
act: printf("...",arg1,arg2...).
All format statements are
preceded by a percent sign and terminated by one of the conversion
characters.
Between the percent sign and the conversion characters
are optional symbols which adjust the standard formats.
.sp
The format statement consists of a contiguous group of characters.
A minus sign '-' may follow the percent sign to designate that the
item is to be left justified.
A decimal number designating the field width may optionally be specified.
If the item is larger than the specified width it will be printed as is.
If the item is smaller,
the item will be padded with spaces.
If the first digit of the specified width is a '0' then the item
will be padded with zero's instead of spaces.
If the item is a string or
a floating point number a second field preceded by a period '.'
may be specified.
The second width field specifies the number of
digits to the right of the decimal point in the case of a floating
point and the maximum number of characters to be printed in the
case of a string.
.sp
The last item of a format statement describes the item we are
formatting.
They are 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'u', 'o', 's', and 'x'.
.sp
.in +6
.ti -7
\ 'c'\ \ \ The argument to be printed is a single character.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 's'\ \ \ The argument is a string or character pointer.
All characters will be printed unless a maximum width field is in force.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 'd'\ \ \ The argument is a decimal numeric.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 'o'\ \ \ The argument is a octal numeric.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 'x'\ \ \ The argument is a hexidecimal numeric.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 'u'\ \ \ The argument will be interpreted as an unsigned decimal
integer in the range 0 to 65535.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 'f'\ \ \ The argument is either a floating point or double precision
number.
It will be of the form: an optional minus sign, digits,
a decimal point, and more digits.
If no second width field has
been specified there will be six digits to the right of the decimal point.
.sp
.ti -7
\ 'e'\ \ \ The argument is to be printed in scientific notation and is
either a floating point or double precision number.
The format is
exactly like the 'f' format except that only one digit is to the
right of the decimal point and a two digit exponent is specified after
the number.
.sp
Format descriptors 'd', 'o', 'x', and 'u' may optionally be preceeded
by a 'l' character to specify that the argument to be printed is a
long rather than an integer.
.sp
Any other character following a percent sign will be taken as a
literal and will itself be printed.
In this way you can print a percent sign or a double quote.
.sp

25
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.th PUTCHAR
.sh NAME
putchar - write a character
.sh SYNOPSIS
.ft B
int getchar(c)
.br
char c;
.ft R
.sh DESCRIPTION
Putchar writes one character to the standard output (VERSAdos file #6).
Putchar assumes it is writting ASCII characters and buffers all
characters until a '\\n' is received. Then the '\\n' is stripped
from the buffer and the record is written. Tab characters are left
as '\\t' -- they are not translated into the VERSAdos convention
of a negative number. Putchar returns the character received for
success and returns a negative integer for failure.
Putchar may aso be used to write ASCII characters to a file other than
the standard output. If the external variable named fout is set to
any valid file descriptor, then putchar writes to that file rather
than the standard output. The routine named flush which writes
any characters in the putchar output buffer may be called to
force a write; however, writes occur automatically at the end
of each record ('\\n' delimiter).