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Sepp J Morris
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/****************************************************************************/
/* */
/* CTYPE */
/* ----- */
/* */
/* CTYPE.H - macros to classify ASCII-coded integers by table lookup. */
/* */
/* */
/* Note: Integer args are undefined for all int values > 127, */
/* except for macro 'isascii()'. */
/* Assumes: */
/* User will link with standard library functions. */
/* Compiler can handle declarator initializers and */
/* '#defines' with parameters. */
/* */
/****************************************************************************/
/*
* Bit patterns for character class DEFINEs
*/
#define __c 01
#define __p 02
#define __d 04
#define __u 010
#define __l 020
#define __s 040
#define __cs 041
#define __ps 042
#ifndef CTYPE
extern char __atab[];
#endif
/*
* Character Class Testing and Conversion DEFINEs:
*/
#define isascii(ch) ((ch) < 0200)
#define isalpha(ch) (__atab[ch] & (__u | __l))
#define isupper(ch) (__atab[ch] & __u)
#define islower(ch) (__atab[ch] & __l)
#define isdigit(ch) (__atab[ch] & __d)
#define isalnum(ch) (__atab[ch] & (__u | __l | __d))
#define isspace(ch) (__atab[ch] & __s)
#define ispunct(ch) (__atab[ch] & __p)
#define isprint(ch) (__atab[ch] & (__u | __l | __d | __p))
#define iscntrl(ch) (__atab[ch] & __c)
#define tolower(ch) (isupper(ch) ? (ch)-'A'+'a' : (ch))
#define toupper(ch) (islower(ch) ? (ch)-'a'+'A' : (ch))
#define toascii(ch) ((ch) & 0177)


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1 Out of memory. Allocate function returns NULL.
2 Identifier not specified in type or storage class declaration.
3 A public function definition is declared external.
4 Parentheses () missing in function declaration.
5 <identifier> ... not declared as a function.
6 Two functions have the same name.
7 Conflicting data type specified for a function.
8 Data type not specified in variable declaration.
9 Global variable declared with "register" storage class.
10 Conflicting data type specified for a function.
11 Conflicting storage class keywords in declaration.
12 Conflicting data type keywords in declaration.
13 Use the keywords "unsigned/long/short" with int only.
14 Do not use the "unsigned long" type declaration.
15 Conflicting type qualifiers "short/long" in declaration.
16 Conflicting definitions for structure tag identifier.
17 Identifier or left brace { missing in struct or union declaration.
18 Storage class specified in struct or union declaration.
19 Data type not specified in struct or union declaration.
20 Use integer constants to define bit field width.
21 Conflicting offsets or data type declared for <identifier>
22 A comma or semicolon is missing.
23 Internal compiler error.
24 Do not use "static" or "extern" to declare parameters.
25 Data type not specified in parameter declaration.
26 Do not use abstract declarator in parameter declaration.
27 <identifier> ... not specified as a parameter.
28 <identifier> ... must be pointer or scalar.
29 Identifier not specified in parameter declaration.
30 A function body is specified as a parameter.
31 Use integer constant expression to specify array bounds.
32 <identifier> ... undefined for "goto" statement.
33 WARNING: <identifier> is declared, but not referenced.
34 <identifier> ... struct or union referenced before declaration.
35 Cannot initialize a function.
36 Do not initialize variables with "extern".
37 Array dimensions are extended automatically.
38 Switch expression cannot be floating-point.
39 Cannot read switch statement. "case <const>" ignored.
40 Constant in "case" construct cannot be floating-point.
41 Cannot read switch statement. "default:" ignored.
42 Break location undefined. No loop or switch.
43 Continue location undefined. No loop or switch.
44 Identifier not specified in "goto" statement.
45 Same statement label used more than once.
46 <identifier> ... defined more than once.
47 <identifier> ... Undefined identifier.
48 Unexpected end-of-file (EOF) on input file.
49 Comma or semicolon is missing.
50 Right brace } is missing.
51 Left brace { is missing.
52 Right parenthesis ) is missing.
53 Right square bracket ] is missing in array declaration.
54 Function parameters cannot have parameters.
55 Right parenthesis ) is missing.
56 Do not list parameters in the function declaration.
57 Comma or semicolon is missing.
58 Right brace } is missing.
59 Comma or semicolon is missing.
61 Too many initializers. Right brace } is missing.
62 Left parenthesis ( is missing.
63 Keyword "while" is missing in "do...while" construct.
64 Colon is missing.
65 Internal compiler error. Bad constant load.
66 Internal compiler error. Unknown pointer size.
67 Use operators ++ and -- on "int/char/long/short" only.
68 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
69 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
70 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
71 Cannot return certain types of expressions.
72 Internal compiler error.
73 Use constant expression to initialize static and extern variables.
74 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
75 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
76 Variable is not large enough to hold a pointer.
77 Variable too large to hold initial value.
78 Offsets into other segments not implemented.
79 Use operators + - ++ -- with pointers only.
80 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
81 Invalid parameter expression.
82 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
83 WARNING: Indirection for non-pointers is not portable.
84 Cannot add arrays or structures. Do not use + operator with arrays.
85 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
86 Use only += or -= operators wirh pointers.
87 Colon is missing.
88 Cannot add pointers. Do not use + operator with pointers.
89 Incorrect expression syntax.
90 Comma or right parenthesis expected in parameter list.
91 Expression is missing before [ operator.
92 An lvalue is required before [ operator.
93 Array or pointer required on left of [ operator.
94 Array or pointer required. Cannot subscript.
95 WARNING: Subscript is truncated to short int.
96 Right square bracket ] is missing.
97 Identifier missing on right of . operator.
98 Expression missing on left of . operator.
99 Left operand for . operator must be a struct.
100 WARNING: Non-local structure field assumed.
101 Identifier missing on right of -> operator.
102 Expression missing on left of -> operator.
103 Left operand of -> operator must be a pointer.
104 WARNING: Non-local structure field assumed.
105 Division by the constant 0.
106 Operand types do not match. Cannot coerce to compatible types.
107 Cannot coerce operand type to double.
108 Cannot coerce operand type to long.
109 Cannot coerce operand type to unsigned.
110 WARNING: Indirection for non-pointers is not portable.
111 WARNING: & operator (address of) used redundantly.
112 The & operator (address of) requires an lvalue.
113 An lvalue is required with ++ or -- operator.
114 Incorrect operand type for ++ or -- operator.
115 Data type not specified for expression after sizeof operator.
116 An lvalue is required with ++ or -- operator.
117 Incorrect operand type for ++ or -- operator.
118 MESSAGE SPACE RESERVED
119 Output file write error. Disk is probably full.
120 WARNING: Not enough registers available for variables.
121 WARNING: Additional registers available for variables.


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/*
* errno.h - error codes
*/
#define EPERM 1
#define ENOENT 2
#define ESRCH 3
#define EINTR 4
#define EIO 5
#define ENXIO 6
#define E2BIG 7
#define ENOEXEC 8
#define EBADF 9
#define ECHILD 10
#define EAGAIN 11
#define ENOMEM 12
#define EACCES 13
#define EFAULT 14
#define ENOTBLK 15
#define EBUSY 16
#define EEXIST 17
#define EXDEV 18
#define ENODEV 19
#define ENOTDIR 20
#define EISDIR 21
#define EINVAL 22
#define ENFILE 23
#define EMFILE 24
#define ENOTTY 25
#define ETXTBSY 26
#define EFBIG 27
#define ENOSPC 28
#define ESPIPE 29
#define EROFS 30
#define EMLINK 31
#define EPIPE 32
/* math software */
#define EDOM 33
#define ERANGE 34
/* hereafter is available to CP/M specials */
#define ENODSPC 35
/****** end of errno.h ******/


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/****************************************************************************
*
* C P / M C R U N T I M E L I B H E A D E R F I L E
* -------------------------------------------------------------
* Copyright 1982 by Digital Research Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* This is an include file for assisting the user to write portable
* programs for C.
*
****************************************************************************/
#define UCHARA 1 /* if char is unsigned */
/*
* Standard type definitions
*/
#define BYTE char /* Signed byte */
#define BOOLEAN int /* 2 valued (true/false) */
#define WORD int /* Signed word (16 bits) */
#define UWORD unsigned int /* unsigned word */
#define LONG long /* signed long (32 bits) */
#define ULONG long /* Unsigned long */
#define REG register /* register variable */
#define LOCAL auto /* Local var on 68000 */
#define EXTERN extern /* External variable */
#define MLOCAL static /* Local to module */
#define GLOBAL /**/ /* Global variable */
#define VOID /**/ /* Void function return */
#define DEFAULT int /* Default size */
#ifdef UCHARA
#define UBYTE char /* Unsigned byte */
#else
#define UBYTE unsigned char /* Unsigned byte */
#endif
/****************************************************************************/
/* Miscellaneous Definitions: */
/****************************************************************************/
#define FAILURE (-1) /* Function failure return val */
#define SUCCESS (0) /* Function success return val */
#define YES 1 /* "TRUE" */
#define NO 0 /* "FALSE" */
#define FOREVER for(;;) /* Infinite loop declaration */
#define NULL 0 /* Null pointer value */
#define NULLPTR (char *) 0 /* */
#define EOF (-1) /* EOF Value */
#define TRUE (1) /* Function TRUE value */
#define FALSE (0) /* Function FALSE value */


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----------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| |
| |
| |
| ================================================ |
| | | |
| | | |
| | ***** Digital Research C ***** | |
| | | |
| | for the CP/M-86 Family | |
| | of Operating Systems | |
| | | |
| | --------------- | |
| | | |
| | READ.ME File Notes | |
| | | |
| | - June 1983 - | |
| | | |
| | Digital Research Inc. | |
| | P.O. Box 579 | |
| | Pacific Grove, CA 93950 | |
| | | |
| ================================================ |
| |
| |
| |
| This file presents enhancements and modifications |
| made to Digital Research C Language software and |
| documentation. Changes described in this file |
| apply to Digital Research C compiler software |
| Version 1.0 and the "C Language Programmer's Guide |
| for the CP/M-86 Family of Operating Systems" |
| First Edition: April 1983. |
| |
| You can print the information in this file on your |
| line printer using 8 by 11 inch paper with the |
| printer set to 6 lines per inch. You can trim the |
| pages along the dotted lines and place the pages |
| in your product documentation binder. |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes June 1983 |
| |
| |
| |
| Table of Contents |
| ================================================ |
| |
| SOFTWARE NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 |
| |
| |
| DOCUMENTATION UPDATES . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 |
| |
| Creating a C Work Disk . . . . . . . . . . 2 |
| Option Switch -a . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 |
| Function Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 |
| execl Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 |
| setjmp and longjmp Functions . . . . . . . 8 |
| toascii, tolower, toupper Functions . . . 9 |
| Start-up Routines . . . . . . . . . . . .10 |
| Miscellaneous Notes . . . . . . . . . . .13 |
| |
| ================================================ |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| i. |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Software Notes |
| |
| |
| |
| Software Notes |
| ================================================ |
| |
| * Version 1.0 of the C compiler requires 112K of |
| random access memory for execution in addition to |
| the operating system. Different implementations |
| of the operating system vary in size. |
| |
| * Version 1.02 of the LINK86 linkage editor which is |
| supplied as part of the Digital Research C package |
| is required for use with the C compiler. Do not |
| use LINK86 versions 1.0, 1.01, or 1.0A supplied |
| with earlier versions of Digital Research software |
| products. |
| |
| * Digital Research C does not run under the IBM |
| proprietary version of CP/M-86 due to operating |
| system updates they do not provide. DRI offers an |
| expanded, low-priced version of CP/M-86 for the |
| IBM Personal Computer. |
| |
| * The sample start-up routine, STARTUP.A86, contains |
| logic to set up the CP/M-86 operating environment |
| for program execution under any of the four memory |
| models: small, medium, compact, and big. Set the |
| appropriate conditional assembly switch at the |
| beginning of STARTUP.A86 before assembling to |
| select the desired model. |
| |
| * The execl function only works under the small and |
| and medium memory models. |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Page 1 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Documentation |
| |
| |
| |
| DOCUMENTATION UPDATES |
| =============================================== |
| |
| All documentation updates indicated in this file |
| apply to the "C Language Programmer's Guide for the |
| CP/M-86 Family of Operating Systems" First Edition |
| April 1983. Text modifications appear between the |
| symbols: >> and <<. |
| |
| |
| Creating a C Work Disk |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Substitute the following text for the third |
| paragraph and everything that follows the third |
| paragraph in Section 1.5, A Simple Demonstration, |
| on page 1-5. Page 1-6 remains unchanged. |
| |
| |
| >>First, make back-up copies of your master C product |
| disks and store the original disks in a safe place. |
| Your operating system disk should be in drive A. |
| |
| 1) Create a C work disk. |
| |
| Using a file copy program, such as PIP, create a C |
| work disk that contains the three compiler files |
| required for minimum configuration, the linkage |
| editor, the small model system library, and |
| SAMPLE.C. If you do not have enough room on disk |
| for all the files, you can place the linkage editor |
| and library on a separate disk. Your work disk or |
| disks should contain all of the following files. |
| |
| o R.CMD -- program loader |
| o DRC.CMD -- compiler supervisory module |
| o DRC860.CMD -- preprocessor |
| o DRC861.CMD -- parser and code generator |
| o LINK86.CMD -- linkage editor |
| o SYSLIBS.L86 -- small model system library |
| o SAMPLE.C -- sample program |
| |
| |
| Page 2 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Documentation |
| |
| |
| |
| With your operating system disk in drive A place |
| your new C work disk that contains SAMPLE.C in |
| drive B. SAMPLE.C uses a simple for-loop and the |
| printf function to print a short series of messages. |
| You can display the SAMPLE.C program on your |
| terminal with the CP/M-86 type command. Make sure |
| drive B is the default drive and enter the |
| following command: |
| |
| B>TYPE SAMPLE.C << |
| |
| |
| Option Switch -a |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Substitute the following text for all of page 2-5. |
| |
| |
| >>The -a option switch executes LINK-86 automatically |
| at the end of compilation. You must specify object |
| files and any libraries other than the system |
| library after the -a in the compiler command line. |
| Alternatively, you can specify a LINK-86 input file |
| using the INPUT option. Refer to Section 7.11 in |
| the Programmer's Utilities Guide for more |
| information on the LINK-86 INPUT option. |
| |
| The following command line example compiles a |
| program named PROGRAM.C and automatically links the |
| object file that the compiler creates with the |
| small model system library. Notice that you do not |
| have to specify the object file name or library |
| file name explicitly after the -A if that object |
| file is the only file to be linked with the system |
| library on the default drive. |
| |
| B>DRC PROGRAM -A |
| |
| In this example, the compiler, LINK-86, and the |
| small model system library are all on the default |
| |
| Page 3 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Documentation |
| |
| |
| |
| drive (B:). You can use the -3 option switch to |
| specify a drive other than the default drive for |
| LINK-86. |
| |
| The compiler compiles PROGRAM.C according to the |
| small memory model and names the object file |
| PROGRAM.OBJ both by default. The compiler creates |
| a special object record in PROGRAM.OBJ that tells |
| LINK-86 which system library to search for required |
| routines depending on which memory model you |
| specify for compilation. Note that the appropriate |
| system library file must be on the default drive. |
| Otherwise, LINK-86 displays the NO FILE error |
| message indicating that you must specify the |
| library and drive location explicitly. The object |
| record automatically specifies the LINK-86 SEARCH |
| option for library files. Therefore, LINK-86 only |
| links modules from the system library that are |
| referenced in PROGRAM.C. Without the SEARCH option |
| LINK-86 links in the entire system library, making |
| the executable program unnecessarily large. The |
| preceding example creates an executable program |
| named PROGRAM.CMD. |
| |
| To link multiple object files and libraries, you |
| must specify each filename explicitly after the -A |
| including the name of the object file that the |
| compiler creates. Use commas to separate each |
| filespec after the -A in the command line. The |
| following example compiles the program named |
| PROGRAM.C, then links the object file that the |
| compiler creates with an object file named |
| PROGTWO.OBJ and the small model system library. |
| Notice that you do not have to specify the .OBJ |
| filetype explicitly for the object files after the |
| -A. |
| |
| B>DRC PROGRAM -APROGRAM,PROGTWO |
| |
| The next example is identical to the first example, |
| except the small model system library is on the D |
| drive. Notice that you must specify the object |
| |
| Page 4 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Graphics Errors |
| |
| |
| |
| file that the compiler creates explicitly after the |
| -A whenever you have additional explicit filespecs. |
| |
| B>DRC PROGRAM -APROGRAM,D:SYSLIBS.L86[S] |
| |
| Remember, in this case, you must specify the object |
| file that the compiler creates, the library file |
| drive location, the library filename, and the |
| LINK-86 SEARCH option explicitly. |
| |
| The last example is exactly the same as the first |
| example, except LINK-86 is on drive D. In this |
| case, the system library is on the default drive. |
| You do not have to specify the object file and |
| library file explicitly. |
| |
| B>DRC PROGRAM -A -3D: |
| |
| Remember, compiler command lines cannot exceed 128 |
| characters. << |
| |
| |
| Function Directory |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Substitute the following table for Table 3-3 on |
| page 3-4. |
| |
| |
| >> Table 3-3. System Library Function Directory |
| --------------------------------------------------- |
| Function Page Function Page |
| |
| abs 3-5 index 3-30 |
| access 3-6 isatty 3-31 |
| atan 3-57 log 3-32 |
| atoi 3-7 log10 3-32 |
| atof 3-7 longjmp 3-50 |
| atol 3-7 lseek 3-33 |
| brk 3-8 malloc 3-9 |
| calloc 3-9 mktemp 3-34 |
| |
| Page 5 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Function Directory |
| |
| |
| |
| chmod 3-10 open 3-35 |
| chown 3-10 opena 3-35 |
| clearerr 3-20 openb 3-35 |
| close 3-11 perror 3-36 |
| cos 3-12 printf 3-38 |
| creat 3-13 putc 3-41 |
| creata 3-13 putchar 3-41 |
| creatb 3-13 putl 3-41 |
| ctype 3-14 puts 3-43 |
| exit 3-16 putw 3-41 |
| _exit 3-16 qsort 3-44 |
| exp 3-17 rand 3-45 |
| fabs 3-18 read 3-46 |
| fclose 3-19 realloc 3-9 |
| fdopen 3-21 rewind 3-24 |
| feof 3-20 rindex 3-30 |
| ferror 3-20 sbrk 3-8 |
| fflush 3-19 scanf 3-47 |
| fgetc 3-25 setjmp 3-50 |
| fgets 3-29 sin 3-12 |
| fileno 3-20 sprintf 3-38 |
| fopen 3-21 sqrt 3-51 |
| fprintf 3-38 sscanf 3-47 |
| fputc 3-41 srand 3-45 |
| fputs 3-43 strcat 3-52 |
| fread 3-23 strcmp 3-53 |
| free 3-9 strcpy 3-54 |
| freopen 3-21 strlen 3-55 |
| fscanf 3-47 strncat 3-52 |
| fseek 3-24 strncmp 3-53 |
| ftell 3-24 strncpy 3-54 |
| fwrite 3-23 swab 3-56 |
| getc 3-25 ttyname 3-58 |
| getchar 3-25 tan 3-57 |
| getl 3-25 tell 3-33 |
| getpass 3-27 ungetc 3-59 |
| gets 3-29 unlink 3-60 |
| getpid 3-28 write 3-61 |
| getw 3-25 |
| |
| |
| |
| Page 6 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes execl Function |
| |
| |
| execl Function |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Please add the following function description to |
| Section 3 of the C Language Programmer's Guide. |
| |
| |
| >>The execl function passes control from an executing |
| C program to another C program. You can chain any |
| number of C programs for execution. However, once |
| you pass control to a new program, you cannot |
| effectively return to the original program. The |
| new program overlays the original program in memory. |
| Therefore, if you chain back to the original |
| program, all data from the first execution are lost. |
| |
| Specify the name of a file that contains the |
| program to chain to and any arguments that the new |
| program needs for execution. You must specify at |
| least one argument in addition to the filename. |
| The argument must point to a null-terminated string |
| that is the same as the filename string. This |
| calling syntax procedure is based on UNIX |
| conventions. |
| |
| Declarations: |
| |
| int execl(); |
| char *name, *arg1, *arg2; |
| |
| Calling Syntax: |
| |
| ret = execl(name, arg1, arg2, ..., NULLPTR); |
| |
| Arguments: |
| |
| name -- pointer to the null-terminated |
| filename string |
| argX -- pointers to null-terminated |
| character strings |
| NULLPTR -- macro defined in PORTAB.H equal |
| to 0 |
| |
| Page 7 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes setjmp and longjmp |
| |
| |
| |
| Returns: |
| |
| ret -- -1 if the function fails |
| |
| Note: If execl returns to the original program, an |
| error has occured. The function returns a -1 and |
| the errno function is set to indicate the error. << |
| |
| |
| setjmp and longjmp Functions |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Substitute the following text for all of page 3-50. |
| |
| |
| >>The setjmp and longjmp functions enable a program |
| to execute a nonlocal GOTO. Use the setjmp |
| function to save the program environment at |
| specific point in the flow of execution and to |
| specify a return location for the longjmp call. |
| You can then call longjmp from any point after the |
| setjmp call. |
| |
| The longjmp function simulates a return from a call |
| to setjmp. First, longjmp returns a value to |
| setjmp as specified in the second argument in the |
| longjmp call. Secondly, execution continues at the |
| instruction immediately following the setjmp call |
| in the program. |
| |
| If the function that invokes setjmp returns before |
| longjmp is called, the saved environment is lost. |
| The setjmp function saves the program environment |
| in a variable of type jmp_buf. The type jmp_buf is |
| defined in the include file setjmp.h. |
| |
| Declarations: |
| |
| #include <setjmp.h> |
| int xret, ret, setjmp(); |
| jmp_buf env; |
| |
| Page 8 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes to----- Functions |
| |
| |
| |
| Calling Syntax: |
| . |
| . |
| xret = setjmp(env); |
| . |
| . |
| longjmp(env, ret); |
| |
| Arguments: |
| |
| env -- contains the saved environment |
| ret -- the desired return value from setjmp |
| |
| Returns: |
| |
| xret -- 0 when setjmp is called initially, |
| then copied from ret when longjmp is |
| called << |
| |
| |
| toascii, tolower, toupper Functions |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Please add the following function descriptions to |
| Section 3 of the C Language Programmer's Guide. |
| |
| |
| >>The toascii, tolower, and toupper functions are |
| character conversion functions implemented as |
| macros in the include file CTYPE.H. You must |
| include CTYPE.H in any program that uses any of |
| these three functions. Do not declare functions |
| that are implemented as macros. Arguments that |
| involve side effects might work incorrectly and |
| should be avoided. |
| |
| The tolower function converts an upper-case letter |
| to the corresponding lower-case letter. The |
| toupper function converts a lower-case letter to |
| the corresponding upper-case letter. The toascii |
| function simply turns off all bits in a character |
| |
| Page 9 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Start-up Routines |
| |
| |
| representation that are not part of a standard |
| ASCII character. toascii is provided for |
| compatibility with other systems. |
| |
| Declarations: |
| |
| #include <ctype.h> |
| |
| int ret; |
| |
| Calling Syntax: |
| |
| ret = tolower(charac); |
| ret = toupper(charac); |
| ret = toascii(charac); |
| |
| Arguments: |
| |
| charac -- a single character to convert |
| |
| Returns: |
| |
| ret -- the converted character |
| |
| Note: tolower and toupper can accept character |
| arguments represented by integers in the range 0 |
| to 255. << |
| |
| |
| Start-up Routines |
| ========================================= |
| |
| Substitute the following text for Section 2.2. |
| |
| >>A start-up routine controls the execution of a |
| program. It sets up the operating environment for |
| program execution by initializing the stack pointer, |
| segment registers, and heap. The start-up routine |
| is contained in the system library and linked into |
| the executable program automatically. |
| |
| When the C compiler encounters the function name |
| |
| Page 10 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Start-up Routines |
| |
| |
| main() during compilation, the compiler generates a |
| jump instruction to a routine named _START. _START |
| is the standard start-up routine in the system |
| library that sets up the operating environment to |
| execute a program under CP/M-86. After setting up |
| the environment, _START calls the program's "main" |
| routine for execution. The "main" routine returns |
| control to _START at the conclusion of execution. |
| Lastly, _START calls the EXIT function to return |
| control to the operating system. |
| |
| The source file named STARTUP.A86 on one of your C |
| product disks is an example of a start-up routine |
| written in assembly language. Study STARTUP.A86 to |
| learn more about start-up routines. |
| |
| You can compile and link programs intended for |
| stand-alone execution. Stand-alone programs do not |
| use the support services of an operating system, |
| but interface directly with the system hardware. |
| In other words, a stand-alone rogram is a systems |
| level program such as an operating system. |
| |
| A stand-alone program accesses certain machine |
| support subroutines in the system library, such as |
| the long divide and long shift routines. You |
| cannot access machine support subroutines |
| explicitly. The compiler generates code to access |
| them implicitly. |
| |
| To create an executable stand-alone program, object |
| modules created with the C compiler must be linked |
| with the appropriate system library and a start-up |
| routine that sets up the desired target operating |
| environment. Remember, when the C compiler |
| encounters the function name main() during |
| compilation, the compiler generates a jump |
| instruction to a routine named _START. The _START |
| module in the system library sets up the operating |
| environment for CP/M-86. You must write a new |
| start-up routine for your new target environment. |
| The new start-up routine that you write must also |
| |
| Page 11 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Rresearch C READ.ME File Notes Start-up Routines |
| |
| |
| be named _START. However, when linking the program |
| your new start-up routine module must appear first |
| in the LINK86 command line. As a result, LINK-86 |
| does not link in the standard _START that is |
| contained in the system library. |
| |
| LINK-86 produces a .CMD file that is executable in |
| your desired target environment. The following |
| LINK-86 command line example creates a stand-alone |
| program named PROG from the object modules MOD1.OBJ, |
| MOD2.OBJ, and MOD3.OBJ. The file STARTUP1.OBJ |
| contains the start-up routine, _START specially |
| written for the target environment. LINK-86 |
| searches the default drive automatically for the |
| proper system library. |
| |
| B>LINK86 PROG=STARTUP1,MOD1,MOD2,MOD3 |
| |
| Note that the start-up module must appear first in |
| the LINK86 command line. The system library must |
| always appear after the new start-up module in the |
| command line if the system library is specified |
| explicitly. The object modules can appear in any |
| order. |
| |
| You can specify a different drive location for the |
| system library in the link command line. The |
| following example links the three object modules |
| with the compact model library. The library is on |
| the d drive. |
| |
| B>LINK86 PROG=STARTUP1,MOD1,MOD2,MOD3,d:SYSLIBC.L86[S] |
| |
| The LINK-86 search option, [S], after the library |
| specification selects only the routines from the |
| library that the program requires. If you omit the |
| search option, LINK-86 links the entire library |
| into the .CMD file, making the executable program |
| unnecessarily large. You can use the LINK-86 MAP |
| option to make sure the proper routines are loaded |
| from SYSLIB. Refer to the Programmer's Utilities |
| Guide for more information on LINK86. << |
| |
| Page 12 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Digital Research C READ.ME File Notes Miscellaneous |
| |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous Notes |
| ========================================= |
| |
| * The function described on page 3-55 is the strlen |
| function, not strnlen. |
| |
| * Vertical bars, |, are used to separate text items |
| typographically and should not be taken literally. |
| For example, see Table 2-1 on page 2-3. |
| |
| * The -d option switch, described in Table 2-1 on |
| page 2-3 and on page 2-6, defines names in lower |
| case only. For example, the following command |
| line defines the name aabbcc for the preprocessor. |
| |
| B>DRC PROGRAM -DaAbBcC |
| |
| * The atof function described on page 3-7 returns a |
| value declared as double, not long. |
| |
| * The textual descriptions for the C compiler error |
| messages contained in the file DRC.ERR have been |
| rewritten for additional clarity and readability. |
| The text in Appendix C of the C Language |
| Programmer's Guide is still technically correct. |
| You can modify the messages in DRC.ERR to read as |
| you desire. Use your text editor in non-document |
| mode. |
| |
| * The strncat function described on page 3-52 |
| copies a maximum number of characters, n, from |
| string s2 to the end of string s1. |
| |
| * The strncpy function described on page 3-54 |
| copies exactly n characters from string s2 to s1. |
| It will truncate or pad with nulls if n is not |
| equal to the length of string s2. |
| |
| |
| END OF READ.ME FILE |
| |
| |
| Page 13 |
| |
----------------------------------------------------------------


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main()
{
int val;
for (val = 0; val <= 3; val++)
printf("%d TESTING C\n", val);
printf("\n");
printf("FINISHED!\n");
}


38
MPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/MPM-86/MISC DRI DISKS/03/SETJMP.H Normal file
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/****************************************************************************/
/* */
/* L o n g j u m p H e a d e r F i l e */
/* --------------------------------------- */
/* */
/* Copyright 1982 by Digital Research. All rights reserved. */
/* */
/* Long jumps on the 68K are implemented as follows: */
/* */
/* 1). Routine "setjmp" is called to setup a special */
/* buffer for return. The return address, stack */
/* pointer and frame pointer are saved. This allows */
/* the calling program to do the proper number of */
/* "pops". */
/* */
/* 2). At some later time, the procedure "longjmp" is */
/* called. The programmer sees a return from the */
/* previous "setjmp" as the result. */
/* */
/* Calling sequence: */
/* */
/* #include <setjmp.h> (definitions) */
/* jmp_buf env; (define a buffer for saved stuff) */
/* */
/* setjmp(env); */
/* a: */
/* */
/* longjmp(env,val); */
/* */
/* Setjmp returns a WORD of 0 on first call, and "val" on the */
/* subsequent "longjmp" call. The longjmp call causes execution to */
/* resume at "a:" above. */
/* */
/****************************************************************************/
typedef long jmp_buf[3];


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;***************************************************************;
; ;
; DIGITAL RESEARCH C COMPILER STARTUP MODULE ;
; ;
; SELECT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING MEMORY MODELS AND THEN ;
; ASSEMBLE WITH RASM-86 ;
; ;
; LOGIC IS AS FOLLOWS: ;
; ;
; Compiler generates call to _start (in lower case) ;
; Which calls _START (in upper case) ;
; Which init's SP, etc. then calls _GO (in upper case) ;
; Which calls _main (in lower case) which calls ;
; the user's main (in lower case) which then returns to ;
; _main which then returns then _GO calls exit in l. case ;
; ;
;***************************************************************;
SMALL_MODEL EQU 1
MEDIUM_MODEL EQU 0
COMPACT_MODEL EQU 0
BIG_MODEL EQU 0
IF SMALL_MODEL
CODE CSEG
CGROUP GROUP CODE
DGROUP GROUP _BREAK
EXTRN _GO:NEAR
PUBLIC _START
_START: MOV AX,DS
MOV SS,AX
MOV BX,6
MOV SP,[BX] ;set up ss:sp
MOV AX,WORD PTR ?MEMRY
MOV __break,AX ;set up __break for brk()
MOV BX,80H ;offset of command line
MOV AL,BYTE PTR [BX];get length
XOR AH,AH
PUSH AX
MOV AX,81H ;offset of command line data
PUSH AX
CALL _GO
DATA DSEG BYTE
PUBLIC ?MEMRY
?MEMRY RW 1
_BREAK DSEG BYTE COMMON
__break RW 1
ENDIF ;SMALL_MODEL
IF MEDIUM_MODEL
GO_CODE CSEG
EXTRN _GO:FAR
CODE CSEG
DGROUP GROUP DATA,_BREAK
PUBLIC _START
_START: MOV AX,DS
MOV BX,6
MOV SS,AX
MOV SP,[BX] ;set up ss:sp
MOV AX,WORD PTR ?MEMRY
MOV __BREAK,AX ;set up __BREAK for brk()
;
; NOW ZERO UN-INIT DATA
;
MOV CX,SP
SUB CX,100H ;LEAVE SOME SLOP
MOV BX,WORD PTR ?MEMRY ;GET STARTING LOCATION
SUB CX,BX ;CALC LENGTH INTO CX
INC CX
SHR CX,1 ;MAKE IT A WORD COUNT
MOV AX,0 ;FILL VALUE
MOV DX,DS
MOV ES,DX ;SET UP DEST SEG
MOV DI,BX ;SET UP DEST OFFSET
REP STOSW ;AND DOIT
MOV BX,80H ;offset of command line
MOV AL,BYTE PTR [BX];get length
XOR AH,AH
PUSH AX
MOV AX,81H ;offset of command line data
PUSH AX
CALLF _GO
DATA DSEG BYTE
PUBLIC ?MEMRY
?MEMRY RW 2
_BREAK DSEG BYTE COMMON
__BREAK RW 1
ENDIF ;MEDIUM_MODEL
IF COMPACT_MODEL
CODE CSEG
CGROUP GROUP CODE
DGROUP GROUP _BREAK
EXTRN _GO:NEAR
PUBLIC _START
_START:
MOV BX,0
MOV SS,15H[BX]
MOV SP,12H[BX] ;set up ss:sp
INC SP
MOV AX,0FH[BX]
MOV __BREAK+2,AX
SUB AX,AX
MOV __BREAK,AX ;set up __break for brk()
MOV BX,80H ;offset of command line
MOV AL,BYTE PTR [BX];get length
XOR AH,AH
PUSH AX
PUSH DS
MOV AX,81H ;offset of command line data
PUSH AX
CALL _GO
_BREAK DSEG BYTE COMMON
__BREAK RW 2
ENDIF ;COMPACT_MODEL
IF BIG_MODEL
DGROUP GROUP _BREAK
GO_CODE CSEG
EXTRN _GO:FAR
START_CODE CSEG
PUBLIC _START
_START:
MOV BX,0
MOV SS,15H[BX]
MOV SP,12H[BX] ;set up ss:sp
INC SP
MOV AX,0FH[BX]
MOV __BREAK+2,AX
SUB AX,AX
MOV __BREAK,AX ;set up __break for brk()
MOV BX,80H ;offset of command line
MOV AL,BYTE PTR [BX];get length
XOR AH,AH
PUSH AX
PUSH DS
MOV AX,81H ;offset of command line data
PUSH AX
CALLF _GO
_BREAK DSEG BYTE COMMON
__BREAK RW 2
ENDIF ;BIG_MODEL
END


45
MPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/MPM-86/MISC DRI DISKS/03/STDIO.H Normal file
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#include <portab.h>
#define BUFSIZ 512
#define MAXFILES 16
struct _iobuf {
WORD _fd;
WORD _flag;
BYTE *_base;
BYTE *_ptr;
WORD _cnt;
};
#ifndef FILE
extern struct _iobuf _iob[MAXFILES];
#define FILE struct _iobuf
#endif
#define _IOREAD 0x01
#define _IOWRT 0x02
#define _IOABUF 0x04
#define _IONBUF 0x08
#define _IOERR 0x10
#define _IOEOF 0x20
#define _IOLBUF 0x40
#define _IOSTRI 0x80
#define _IOASCI 0x100
#define stdin (&_iob[0])
#define stdout (&_iob[1])
#define stderr (&_iob[2])
#define clearerr(p) ((p)->_flag & ~_IOERR)
#define feof(p) ((p)->_flag & _IOEOF)
#define ferror(p) ((p)->_flag & _IOERR)
#define fileno(p) ((p)->_fd)
#define getchar() getc(stdin)
#define putchar(c) putc(c,stdout)
#define putc fputc
#define getc fgetc
#define abs(x) ((x) < 0 ? -(x) : (x))
#define max(x,y) (((x) > (y)) ? (x) : (y))
#define min(x,y) (((x) < (y)) ? (x) : (y))
*

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36
MPM OPERATING SYSTEMS/MPM-86/MISC DRI DISKS/03/TEST.C Normal file
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int i,j;
long l,k;
float f,g;
double d,e;
main()
{
printf("************************************************\n");
printf("** WELCOME TO DIGITAL RESEARCH C **\n");
printf("** **\n");
printf("** This sample program tests the C compiler, **\n");
printf("** linker and libraries. If the number in **\n");
printf("** parentheses matches the number to the **\n");
printf("** immediate left, each component is working **\n");
printf("** properly. **\n");
printf("************************************************\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Test int math: 4567 * 10 = "); i = 4567; j = 10;
printf("%u (45670)\n",i * j);
printf("Test long int math: 1234 * 4567 = "); l = 1234; k = 4567;
printf("%ld (5635678)\n",l * k);
printf("Test float math: 1.234 + 0.001 = "); f = 1.234; g = 0.001;
printf("%g (1.235)\n",f + g);
printf("Test double math: 5635678.0 / 1234.0 = ");
d = 5635678.0;
e = 1234.0;
printf("%g (4567)\n",d / e);
printf("\nGood Luck!\n");
}